Anyani - ndi banja? Detachment wa anyani ndi kusanduka awo

Anyani - detachment, m'gulu la pa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, mtundu wa chordate nyama (inakhala subtype). Maphunziro nyama amangokhala ndi moyo kubadwa, yoyamwitsa mkaka mwana, mukuchikulitsa m'mimba. mamembala onse a kalasi - homoiothermal, mwachitsanzo, thupi kutentha zawo zonse. Komanso, mlingo wa kagayidwe mu apamwamba awa. Kuwonjezera pakati ndipo mkati, mu nyama zonse, palinso khutu lakunja. zazikazi ndi zopangitsa mammary.

Anyani (anyani ndi prosimians) nyama zonse zosiyana mwina chuma chochuluka ndi zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ngakhale kuti kusiyana pakati pawo, ambiri mwa mbali ya kapangidwe thupi ofanana. Iwo amagwira ntchito mu njira yaitali kusanduka chifukwa cha moyo nkhuni.

miyendo anyani

Anyani - Kodi nyama ndi zisanu atagwira kumvetsa ziwalo, ndi bwino anayamba. Iwo ndinazolowera kukwera oimira dongosolo ili pa nthambi za mitengo. Onse ali ndi phewa, ndi anagawa bwinobwino ulna ndi utali wozungulira, amene amathandiza zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe ndi zoyendayenda wa miyendo kutsogolo. Makina chala komanso. Iwo akhoza zimatsutsana mitundu zinazo. Misomali Amawapatsa phalanges osachiritsika. Mu mitundu ya anyani okhala misomali unguiculate, kapena anthu amene ali ndi zikhadabu pa zala yochepa chala chachikulu amakhala ndi misomali mosabisa.

Kapangidwe ka anyani

Akamayenda pa dziko lonse lapansi akudalira pa phazi lonse. Mu anyani ndi matabwa moyo kugwirizana kuchepetsa fungo ndi chitukuko wabwino kumvetsera ndi kuona. Ali 3-4 turbinate. Anyani - ndi nyama, amene maso akuuzidwa patsogolo, periorbital mphete ku maenje zosatha anapambulwa kanjira (lemurs, mtengo shrews), kapena kugawa fupa (anyani, tarsiers). Mu anyani nonhuman pa nkhope ndi magulu 4-5 vibrissae (chogwirika tsitsi), ndi apamwamba - 2-3. Mu anyani, monga anthu, zitunda khungu amakonzedwa mu plantar ndi palmar pamwamba. Komabe, prosimians ali yekha mipira. A zosiyanasiyana ntchito zimene ndi forelimbs ndi moyo yogwira anyani zinachititsa chitukuko amphamvu a ubongo. Ndipo izo zikutanthauza kuwonjezeka nyama voliyumu ya cranium lapansi. Komabe, lalikulu, chabwino chimene chinayambika ubongo convolutions ambiri ndi mizere ndi anyani okha apamwamba. M'munsi ubongo yosalala, panali gyri pang'ono ndi sulci.

Chovala ndi mchira

Mitundu ya gulu ili yokutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Mu prosimians pali undercoat, koma ambiri a anthu a anyani ndi underdeveloped. Ubweya ndi khungu mitundu yambiri ndi zowala ndi maso achikasu kapena zofiirira. Mchira pa iwo yaitali, koma palinso yochepa tailed ndi mawonekedwe tailless.

chakudya

Anyani - ndi nyama kudyetsa makamaka zakudya losakanizika, chogwidwa ndi zomera. Mitundu ina insectivorous. Mmimba mwa anyani, mogwirizana ndi mtundu losakanizika wa zosavuta chakudya. Iwo ndi mitundu 4 mano - canines, incisors, lalikulu (molars) ndi yaing'ono (premolars) m'dzikoli komanso molars ndi 3-5 timabamputimabampu. Complete m'malo mano amapezeka anyani, imakhudzanso okhazikika ndi mkaka.

kukula thupi

Thupi kukula kwa oimira gulu ili, pali miyambo ina yofanana kwambiri. Laling'ono anyani - mbewa lemurs, pamene anyani kukula ukufika 180 masentimita ndi apamwamba. thupi la amuna ndi akazi zimasiyanasiyana - zambiri zazikulu kuposa amuna, ngakhale lamulo limeneli lili kuchotserapo ambiri. Banja ena anyani tichipeza akazi angapo ndi amuna. Popeza unyinji wa thupi - mwayi kwa otsiriza, pali kusankha zamoyo kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwake. Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna Hanumana kutola Harem, wopangidwa mwa akazi 20 kuti - banja lalikulu kwambiri. Anyani ndi kusamala harem awo kwa amuna ena. M'banja mu thupi khamu thupi 160 misa akazi%. Mitundu ina, amene amuna amamuchitira bwinobwino ndi wamkazi mmodzi yekha (mwachitsanzo, gibbons), anthu a amuna ndi akazi osiyana musati amasiyana kukula. dimorphism kugonana ndi ofooka kwambiri m'kukoma lemurs.

Pamene nkhondo ya bambo mbali yofunika osati kukula kwa thupi la wagawo, monga anyani. nyama zimenezi, amene kulumidwa ndi chida awo amphamvu. Amuna ntchito zitsanzo ndewu ndi kumenyana.

Kubereka ndi ana a anyani

Anyani kubereka chaka chonse. Childs munthu sabadwa ng'ombe (pa njira zawo m'munsi kungakhale 2-3). mitundu ikuluikulu ya anyani kubereka kamodzikamodzi, koma moyo wautali kuposa anzawo ang'onoang'ono.

Pa zaka chaka amatha kuchulukana mbewa lemurs. Chaka chilichonse, kuwala limawonekera pa ana awiri. Thupi ya aliyense wa iwo ndi za 6.5 ga Mimba kumatenga miyezi 2. zaka 15 - mbiri ya moyo wautali wa mitundu. nyani wamkazi M'malo mwake, amakhala kugonana okhwima 10 zokha zakubadwa. ng'ombe munthu sabadwa, misa thupi lomwe - 2.1 makilogalamu. Mimba kumatenga miyezi 9, pambuyo pathupi mobwerezabwereza kudzachitika pokhapo zaka 4. Bwinobwino anyani moyo mpaka zaka 40.

Ambiri osiyana mitundu ya anyani, ndi kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu, ndi ing'onoing'ono zinyalala. Luso kukula oimira ana a gulu ili otsika kwambiri m'munsi kwambiri kuposa zimenezo anamuona pa nyama zina chifukwa thupi zolemera ofanana. N'zovuta kunena chiyani chifukwa cha nkhani zimenezi. Mwina ayenera anafuna kuchuluka kwa ubongo. Popeza kuti ambiri mphamvu-kwambiri mu thupi ndendende ubongo minofu. Mu anyani lalikulu, lili ndi mkulu kagayidwe kachakudya kugunda, zimene zimachititsa mlingo wa chitukuko cha ziwalo zoberekera, komanso kukula kwa thupi.

Chizolowezi makanda

Mu anyani, chifukwa cha mlingo wochepa wa kubalana chimaoneka ndingaliro kuti anawo. Nthawi zambiri amuna aang'ono akuphedwa, amene anabereka wamkazi kuchokera amuna ena monga kudyetsa angathe sanaime kachiwiri. Amuna amene ali pa nsonga ya kukula, okha zoyesayesa kuswana. Kotero iwo akuchita zonse kukhalabe genotype ake. The anyani aamuna Mwachitsanzo, Hanuman, chifukwa kubereka ana kokha masiku 800 pa zaka 20 za moyo.

njira ya moyo

Dongosolo la anyani, monga ulamuliro, amakhala ku mitengo, koma pali polunazemnye ndi mitundu lapansi. The oimira gulu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Iye kawirikawiri wochezeka, kawirikawiri osakwatira kapena awiriawiri. Iwo makamaka moyo mu nkhalango subtropical ndipo zotentha za Asia, Africa ndi America, ndipo zimapezekanso m'madera a mapiri ataliatali.

gulu la anyani

200 kudziwika mitundu ya anyani ano. Zoperekedwa suborder 2 (anyani ndi prosimians), 12 genera ndi mabanja 57. Malinga ndi gulu la, ambiri pa nthawiyo, mu anyani m'gulu shrews mtengo, musayambe banja palokha. Izi anyani ndi tarsiers ndi lemurs amapanga suborder prosimians. Iwo alumikizana kudzera lemurs nyama zimene zimadya ndi anyani ano, pokumbukira makolo anali Kale m'mbuyomu.

Anyani: Evolution

Amaona kuti makolo a anyani amakono anali insectivores wosazindikira nyama ofanana shrews mtengo, alipo lero. mitembo yawo anapezeka ku Mongolia, mu Cretaceous Upper. Zikuoneka mitundu yakale moyo mu Asia, umene anakakhala malo ena North America ndi Old World. Pali zayambika kuti dolgotyapov ndi lemurs anyani amenewa. Zamoyo za mitundu choyambirira cha Old World ndi New World anyani, zikuoneka, anali ku dolgotyapov wosazindikira (makolo a anyani, ena olemba kuganizira lemurs wakale). Kaya anyani amene anakumana mu World Old, panali American anyani. makolo awo ku North America analowa South. Apa, iwo amakhazikika ndi kukhala, kusinthasintha kwa yekha arboreal moyo. Makhalidwe ambiri kwachilengedwenso ndi anatomical wa anthu - ndi anyani kwambiri. Ife akatunge banja osiyana anthu ndi munthu mbadwa, ndi mtundu umodzi wokha - masiku wanzeru.

Tanthauzo yeniyeni ya anyani

anyani Modern zofunika kwambiri zothandiza. Iwo ndi kwa nthawi yaitali chidwi cha kukhala zolengedwa anthu ngati oseketsa. Anyani anali ankasakidwa. Komanso, anasonyeza zogulitsa zosangalatsa kunyumba kapena osungirako nyama izi. Anyani masiku ano ngakhale kudya! Aaborijini lero kudya nyama anyani ambiri. prosimians nyama amadziwikanso ankaona kuti chokoma. Zikopa za mitundu ina ntchito lero kuvala zinthu zosiyana.

anyani zisakuyenda wakhala zofunika kwambiri mu zatsopano mankhwala ndi kwachilengedwenso. Nyama zimenezi amasonyeza kufanana amphamvu kuti munthu chifukwa zosiyanasiyana anatomical ndi thupi. Ndipo osati anyani kwambiri ndi kufanana izi, komanso m'munsi. Oyimira a gulu limeneli, ngakhale atengeke matenda chimodzimodzi monga ife (TB, kamwazi, diphtheria, poliyo, chimfine, chikuku, etc.) Zimenezi zimachitika ngati wonse monga momwe ife timachitira. N'chifukwa chake ena matupi awo ntchito lero pa matenda a anthu (makamaka, impso anyani wobiriwira, macaques ndi anyani ena - kuswana pansi kulima mavairasi, amene pambuyo mankhwalawa ndiye kusandutsa mu katemera wa poliyo).