Aperisiya: Mbiri ya chiyambi, moyo ndi chikhalidwe

Aperisiya kwakhudza wautali kwambiri pa mbiri ya World Ancient. Anapanga kakang'ono mafuko mgwirizano boma Achaemenid unatha pafupi zaka mazana awiri. Pakutchulidwa chimwambo ndi mphamvu ya dziko la Persia ndi magwero ambiri akale, kuphatikizapo Baibulo.

kuyambira

Kutchula koyamba za Aperisiya anapeza magwero a Asuri. The zolemba, chibwenzi kuchokera BC IX atumwi. e., lili dzina la Parsua dziko. Mwachirengedwe, dera limeneli lili ku chapakati Zagros ndipo anati nthawi, anthu a m'dera analipira msonkho kwa Asuri. Kugwirizana Tribal kulibe. Asuri amatchula ankalamulira 27 maufumu. Mu VII a. Aperisiya, zikuoneka analowa mgwirizano mafuko, kuyambira magwero anali otchula mafumu a fuko la Achaemenids. Mbiri ya ufumu wa Perisiya akuyamba ndi 646 BC, pamene Aperisiya anakhala wolamulira Cyrus I. Mu ulamuliro wa Koresi Persian ine kwambiri kukodzedwa gawo m'manja mwawo, kuphatikizapo malo a mbali wamkulu wa yachonde aku Iran. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakhazikitsa likulu loyambirira la Aperisiya - wa Pasargadae. Mbali ya Aperisiya chinkhoswe mu ulimi, nthawi zambiri ankakhala moyo wosamukasamuka.

The zikamera wa ufumu Persian

Kumapeto kwa VI. BC. e. Persian anthu Kambisesi Ine malamulo, amene anali amadalira mafumu a Amedi. Mwana wa Kambisesi, Koresi Wachiwiri, anakhala mfumu ya Perisiya kuthetsedwa. Information za anthu akale a ku Perisiya zikusoŵa ndi wopereŵera. Zikuoneka unit yaikulu ya anthu anali banja usanakhalepo walunjika anali munthu amene anali woyenera kutaya miyoyo ndi katundu wa okondedwa awo. ammudzi, pobadwa koyamba, ndipo kenako - m'mudzi, kwa zaka mazana ambiri anali mphamvu. Madera ambiri anapanga fuko, mafuko angapo mwina ndinaitana mtundu.

The zikamera wa ufumu Persian anali pa nthawi imene lonse Middle East unagawidwa pakati pa maiko anayi: Egypt, Media, Lydia, Babulo.

Ngakhale pachimake anali Midia kwenikweni osalimba mafuko mgwirizano. Chifukwa cha kupambana kwa mfumu Cyaxares Amedi ndamvera boma la Urartu ndi dziko wakale wa Elamu. Cyaxares ana sakanakhoza kusunga anagonjetsa kholo lake lalikulu. Zonse nkhondo ndi Babulo amafuna pamaso pa asilikali m'malire. Izi chayamba kuchepa ndale mkati mwa Amedi kuposa atumiki a mfumu Mediya ndi akukuponderezani.

Kira II Board

Mu 553 BC Cyrus II anatsogolera anthu kupandukira Amedi, Aperisi amene analipira msonkho kwa zaka zingapo. nkhondo chinatenga zaka zitatu ndipo zinatha linagonja ya Amedi. Capital Media (g Ektabany) anakhala wa yogona a mfumu ya Perisiya. Popeza anagonjetsa dziko wakale, Cyrus II yokhala anapitiriza ufumu Mediya ndi ankaganiza maudindo a olamulira a Mediya. Choncho anayamba mapangidwe ufumu wa Perisiya.

Pambuyo pa adani a Media Persia ananena wokha ngati boma latsopano mu mbiri ya dziko, ndipo kwa zaka ziwiri wachita yofunika kwambiri zinachitika mu Middle East. Mu zaka 549-548. boma latsopano Elamu anagonjetsa ndipo anagonjetsa mayiko woyambawo Mediya Mphamvu. Aparti, Armenia, Hyrcania anayamba kupereka msonkho kwa latsopano Persian wolamulira.

Nkhondo ndi Lydia

Croesus, mkulu wa Lydia wamphamvu, anazindikira kuti mdani woopsa ndi Aperisiya. chiwerengero cha maukwati yosainidwa Iguputo ndi Sparta. Komabe, kuyamba m'ziwawa nkhondo sikunali kotheka lankhondo. Croesus sanafune kudikira chithandizo ndipo anachita yekha kumenyana ndi Aperisi. Mu nkhondo likulu la Lydia - mzinda wa Sarde, Croesus anabweretsa kunkhondo ankhondo ake, omwe unali wosagonjetseka. Cyrus II kuika asilikali ngamila. Akavalo kuona nyama wosadziwika, anakana kumvera wokwera pa mahatchi Lydia anakakamizika nkhondo wapansi. Wosiyana nkhondo inatha ndi mthunzi wa Lydians, ndiye wa Sarde anatengedwa wozingidwa ndi Aperisiya. ogwirizana anaumba Sparta yekha Croesus anaganiza kuwapulumutsa. Koma pamene akukonzekera kukwera ndi mzinda wa Sarde anagwa, ndi Aperisiya atagonjetsa Lydia.

Anatsegula malire

Ndiye anadza Greek mzinda-limanena kuti anali pa dera la Asia Minor. Pambuyo mndandanda wa yapambana chachikulu ndi kupondereza kupanduka Aperisi anagonjetsa ndondomeko, potero kupeza luso logwiritsa ntchito ku nkhondo zombo Greek.

Kumapeto kwa VI m'ma Perisiya kukodzedwa malire ake kuchigawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India, ndi Hindu Kusaya n'kumuika kuti cordons ndi kuponderezedwa mafuko tikukhala mu beseni ndi. Syrdarya. Pokhapokha kulimbitsa malire, kupondereza kupanduka ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mfumu Koresi II anafotokoza wamphamvu wa Babulo. October 20 539 BC mzinda lidagwa; ndipo Cyrus II anakhala wolamulira boma la Babulo, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo mkulu wa munthu wa mphamvu yaikulu ya dziko wakale - ufumu wa Perisiya.

Kambisesi ulamuliro

Koresi anaphedwa mu nkhondo ndi Massagets mu 530 BC. e. mfundo zake bwinobwino anathamangitsa mwana wa Kambisesi. Patapita mokwanira kuyambirira zamtendere maphunziro Egypt, mdani wina wa Perisiya, ine ndinali ndekha ndipo sanathe kuwerenga thandizo la lankhondo. Kambiz anazindikira dongosolo bambo wake ndipo anagonjetsa Egypt mu 522 BC. e. Panthawiyi ku Persia maturely kusakhutira ndi mutiny. Kambisesi mofulumira kunyumba ndipo anafa mu njira zinthu zachinsinsi. Patapita nthawi yakale Aperisiya mwayi kuti apeze nthumwi mphamvu ya nthambi wamng'ono wa Achaemenids - Dariyo Hystaspes.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Dariyo

Kulanda mphamvu ndi Dariyo Ine adakwiya kudandaula ndi akapolo ku Babulo. Mtsogoleri wa opandukawo yekha mwana wa mkulu lotsiriza la Babulo, ndipo anatchedwa Navuhodononosorom III. Mu December 522 BC. e. Dariyo Ine anapambana. atsogoleri kupanduka anaikidwa ku chilango pagulu.

zochita Chilango anapatutsa Dariyo, panopa anakwera zipolowe mu Media, Elamu, Aparti ndi zina. Latsopano kazembe analanda chaka chilichonse chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa dziko ndi kubwezeretsa boma la Koresi ndi Kambisesi Wachiwiri m'malire zakale.

Mu nthawi ya pakati pa 518 ndi 512 zaka mphamvu Persian anapambana Macedonia, Thrace ndi gawo la India. nthawi ili ankaona heyday ufumu wakale wa Aperisi. Boma la kufunika dziko zinalumikizana ulamuliro wake, m'mayiko ambiri ndi mazana a mafuko ndi anthu.

chipangizo Social Ancient Persian. kusintha Dariyo

Persian Achaemenid ufumu zinapanga lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za boma likuyendetsera ndi miyambo. Babulo, Syria, Aigupto, Perisiya, kale ankaona mayiko kwambiri otukuka, ndipo posachedwapa anagonjetsa woyendayendawu mafuko Msukuti chiyambi Arab anali akadali pa siteji ya njira wosazindikira wa moyo.

Unyolo wa zipolowe zaka 522-520. Iwo anawonetsa inefficiency a chiwembu wakale boma. Choncho Dariyo Ndinagwira nambala ya kusintha kayendetsedwe ndi anakhazikitsa dongosolo khola la ulamuliro boma pa anthu anagonjetsa. Kukonza anakhala yoyamba m'mbiri ya dongosolo imayenera utsogoleri, amene anali ngati mafumu a Achaemenids m'badwo kuposa wina.

Kugwiritsa kasamalidwe unit chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe Akulamulira Persian Dariyo mphamvu. dziko analigaŵa m'zigawo utsogoleri msonkho, amene ankatchedwa satrapies. Makulidwe satrapies anali yokulirapo kuposa m'dera la limati oyambirira, ndi zina chinachitikira ndi malire ethnographic ya anthu akale. Mwachitsanzo, loyang'aniridwa Egypt mwachirengedwe pafupifupi kwathunthu lifanane ndi malire a boma mpaka kugonjetsa ake ndi Aperisi. akuluakulu a boma m'maboma anatsogolera - masatarapi. Mosiyana akalambula wake, amene anafuna akazembe ake mwa anthu otchuka a anthu anagonjetsa, Dariyo Ine uliwonse pa malo amenewa yekha olemekezeka chiyambi Persian.

vicegerent

Poyamba, bwanamkubwa wa ntchito logwirizana ndi utsogoleri ndi woganizirana. Satrap nthawi Dariyo anali boma yekha, akuluakulu a asilikali sanali kumvera. Akalonga ndi ufulu ndalama timbewu tonunkhira, anali kuyang'anira ntchito zachuma wa dzikoli, kutolera misonkho, choperekedwa chilungamo. Mu yamtendere, masatarapi anapatsidwa ndi mlonda yaing'ono payekha. atsogoleri Army komanso amagonjera yekha popanda masatarapi.

Kukhazikitsa kusintha boma kwachititsa kuti chilengedwe lalikulu utsogoleri zida chapakati lotsogoledwa ndi ofesi achifumu. BOMA anatsogolera likulu la ufumu Persian - mzinda wa Susa. Major mizinda ya Babulo nthawi Ektabana, Memphis analinso ofesi yawo.

Akalonga ndi akuluakulu anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi maso a apolisi. Mu makedzana icho chinali kutchedwa "makutu ndi maso a mfumu." Control ndi kuyang'aniridwa pa akuluakulu anapatsidwa hazarapatu - Mkulu. State makalata kunachitidwa mu Chiaramu, amene anali pafupifupi onse amitundu ya Perisiya.

Chikhalidwe cha ufumu wa Perisiya

Ancient Persia kumanzere kwa mbadwa ndi mapulani kwambiri cholowa. Zazikulu yachifumu lovuta Susa, Pesepoli ndi Pasargadae anachititsa chidwi zidzasintha pa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Royal Manor atazungulira minda ndi m'mapaki. Mmodzi wa zipilala zilipo, ndi manda a Koresi II. Ambiri zipilala zofanana, akuwuka kwa zaka zambiri, anali wakhazikitsidwa pa zomangamanga a manda ya mfumu ya ku Perisiya. Culture Aperisiya chinathandiza kulemekeza mfumu ndi kulimbitsa ufumu pakati pa anthu anagonjetsa.

Art of Ancient Persia ophatikizana miyambo luso la mafuko aku Iran, kotheratu ndi mfundo za Agiriki, zikhalidwe Asuri. Pakati pa ana kupulumuka katundu ali zambiri miyala yamtengo wapatali, mbale ndi Miphika, ndi zikho zosiyanasiyana, chokongoletsedwa ndi zojambula tsaya. A malo apadera anapezazo amachita kusindikiza angapo zithunzi za mafumu ndi ngwazi, komanso nyama zosiyanasiyana ndi zolengedwa wosangalatsa.

nthawi chitukuko Economic wa Dariyo wa ku Perisiya

Udindo wapadera wotanganidwa mu ufumu wa Perisiya kudziwa. Olemekezeka anali wotchuka yaikulu ku madera onse anagonjetsa. mbali yaikulu accrue kwa "opindula" wa mfumu ya nyota zawo pamaso pake. Eni mayiko amenewa anali woyenera kulamulira kulanda magawo mu cholowa kwa ana awo, komanso kuti iwo anapatsidwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zotuluka pa anthu ake. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito dongosolo dziko-ntchito imene ziwembu ankatchedwa ziwembu kavalo, kuponya muvi ndi uta, magaleta, ndi zina zotero. m'mayiko amenewo mfumu anaperekedwa anthu ake, chifukwa kuti eni anayenera kunkhondo ngati ankhondo, oponya mivi okwera pamahatchi.

Koma timapepala malo aakulu zinali m'manja mwa mfumu. Iwo kawirikawiri lendi. Pobwezera awo kutenga mankhwala a ulimi ndi nyama husbandry.

Kuwonjezera dziko, panali njira mu nthawi yomweyo ufumu. Kupsa chuma achifumu kuti pangano iwo ndi ati kupala ntchito madzi. Ulimi wothirira wa dothi lachonde akhala mlandu, kufika 1/3 mbewu a mwanaciro munda.

chuma Labor wa Perisiya

powagwiritsa ntchito ankagwiritsa ntchito m'magulu onse a chuma. Ambiri a iwo anali zambiri akaidi a nkhondo. Leveraged ukapolo pamene anthu adzisankhira okha, sichoncho afalitsidwa. Akapolo kangapo pa udindo, monga ufulu ndi zisindikizo awo ndi kuchita wotuluka zosiyanasiyana monga Othandizana zonse. Kapolo akanatha kuwombola yekha kukhoma ena mangawa, ndi kukhala odandaula, wozengedwa kapena umboni Kuthi, ndithudi, osati ndi ambuye awo. mchitidwe kukopa ntchito antchito malipiro ndalama zina anawagawira. Ntchito ya anthu amenewa anali ofala kwambiri makamaka ku Babulo, kumene anakumba ngalande, anakonza misewu ndi kukolola ndi mfumu kapena minda kachisi.

The ndalama Politika Dariya

Ndiwo revenues ku cuma anali misonkho. Mu 519 BC mfumu anavomereza zofunika dongosolo boma msonkho. Misonkho anali masamu aliyense loyang'aniridwa anapatsidwa m'gawo lake ndi nthaka yachonde. Aperisi kuti mtundu kugonjetsa ndalama agwiritsidwa ntchito salipidwa, koma sanali osapatsidwa msonkho mu mtundu.

ndalama osiyana kupitiriza kulibe ngakhale pambuyo kugwirizana kwa dziko, iwo anabweretsa zambiri anachitazi, kotero mu 517 BC. e. mfumu ya watsopano golide ndalama, wotchedwa Darik polima. Sing'anga wamalonda anali sekeli siliva, kugulitsidwa 1/20 Darika natumikira monga Chip ndi kunenerera masiku amenewo. Pa n'zosiyana wa ndalama onse anaikidwa chifanizo cha Dariyo I.

Misewu ya ufumu wa Perisiya

Kufalitsa misewu chinathandiza chitukuko cha malonda pakati satrapies zosiyanasiyana. Msewu wachifumu wa ufumu wa Perisiya unayamba mu Lydia, anawoloka Asia Minor napita Babulo, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko - kuti Susa ndi Pesepoli. Anaika Agiriki kutumiza kunjira akhala bwino ntchito ndi Aperisi mu malonda ndi kulanda magulu ankhondo. Pali komanso cruises Aperisiya wakale Mwachitsanzo, kuyenda kuyenda panyanja Scylax wa Caryanda kuti kugombe Indian mu 518 BC. e.