Biocoenosis - zitsanzo. Natural ndi yokumba biocenoses

Mu njira ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ayi aliyense wosunga ankachita ndi zosiyanasiyana maofesi achilengedwe. Akuthamangira ku ntchito, nkomwe aliyense, koma kuti ndi zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana kapenanso zamoyo, kusamalira kwambiri chakuti iye anawoloka lalikulu kapena kusiyidwa. Chabwino Ndinagwira ndipo anadutsa, ndiye? Koma ichi ndi biocenosis. Zitsanzo za musanaganizire zimenezi, koma mogwirizana zonse ndi topezeka, aliyense wa ife angathe kukumbukira, ngati kuganizira. Tidzayensa tione mwatsatanetsatane zimene kwenikweni biocenoses, chimene iwo ali ndi zimatengera.

biocenose ndi chiyani?

Ambiri mwina, anthu ochepa kumbukirani kuti anaphunzira School of biocenoses. Kalasi 7, pamene mu zamoyo imvera anali kutali kale, ndi kukumbukira zinthu zosiyana kwambiri. Kumbukirani kuti ngati biocenosis a. mawu aumbike mwa pophatikizana mawu awiri Latin, "BIOS" - moyo ndi "cenosis" - sizachilendo. Mawu amenewa amatanthauza ya okhala m'dera lomwelo, inakula ndi zimavuta tizilombo, bowa, zomera ndi nyama.

mudzi kwachilengedwenso zikuphatikizapo zigawo biocenosis amenewa:

• tizilombo (microbiocenosis);
• zomera (phytocoenosis);
• nyama (zoocenoses).

Aliyense wa zigawo zikuluzikulu zimenezi kungathandize kwambiri ndipo akhoza ankaimira anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti phytocoenosis ndi kutsogolera chigawo kudziŵa microbiocenosis ndi zoocenoses.

Kodi mfundo imeneyi?

Lingaliro la "biocoenosis" anali bungwe la German hydrobiologist Mobius mu m'ma XIX, pamene iye anali kuphunzira mu malo North Sea oyisitara malo. Pa kafukufuku, anapeza kuti nyama zimenezi akhoza moyo yekha mu zinthu mosamalitsa n'chiyani, yodziwika ndi kuzama, mlingo otaya, kutentha madzi ndi amenewa. Komanso, Mobius ananena kuti pamodzi ndi nkhono pa gawo lawo anthu mitundu bwino kumatanthauza zomera m'madzi komanso nyama. Kuchokera pa deta, mu 1937, wasayansi anayambitsa mfundo imene tikukambirana ndi kulozera kwa mayanjano a magulu a zamoyo, moyo ndi kukhala pamodzi mu dera limodzi, chifukwa chitukuko mbiri ya mitundu ndi yaitali masoka kusankha. Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha "biocoenosis" zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe kutanthauziridwa penapake mosiyana.

Gawo

Masiku ano, pali zizindikiro zingapo mwa zomwe m'kagulu ndi biocenosis. Zitsanzo za gulu zochokera miyeso:

• makrobiotsenoz (nyanja, mapiri, nyanja);
• mezobiotsenoz (dambo nkhalango, munda);
• microbiocenosis (maluwa, ndi chitsa akale, tsamba).

Komanso biocenoses akhoza wachinsinsi monga malo okhala. Mphunzitsi wamkulu anazindikira izi mitundu itatu:

• m'madzi;
• madzi oyera;
• pansi.

Aliyense akhoza kugawidwa superordinate ndi, ang'onoang'ono atsogoleri. Choncho, biocenosis m'madzi akhoza kugawidwa mu pelagic benthic ndi maalumali ena. Madzi madera enieni mtsinje, chithaphwi komanso nyanja. biocenoses lapadziko monga m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kumtunda, phiri subtypes kumveka.

Gulu losavuta m'madera kwachilengedwenso kugawanikana awo mu biocenoses zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. Mwa oyambirira kusiyanitsa zofunika kupangidwa popanda kukopa anthu, komanso sekondale, amene akusinthasintha ndi chifukwa zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe kapena ntchito za chitukuko anthu. Taganizirani mwatsatanetsatane zizindikiro zawo.

Natural madera kwachilengedwenso

biocenoses Natural kuimira kucheza ndi zamoyo, olengedwa mwa chirengedwe. Madera amenewa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kuti azitha, kukhala ndi ntchito malinga yake, malamulo yake. German zachilengedwe B. Tischler kuzindikiridwa zinthu zotsatirazi zomwe formations amenewa:

1. Pali magulu a zinthu zoduliratu, amene akhoza kuimira mitundu munthu ndi maofesi lonse.

2. zina za ingakhale m'malo. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu akhoza kukakamizidwa kunja ndi kwathunthu m'malo ndi wina ndi zofunika ofanana ndi zikhalidwe za kukhalako, ndi zotsatira palibe zoipa kwa dongosolo lonse.

3. Chifukwa chakuti, mu zofuna za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biocoenosis zosiyana, ndiye dongosolo lonse zachokera supraorganismal ndipo wakhala kugwirizanitsa mphamvu imatsogoleredwa oppositely.

4. Aliyense m'dera zachilengedwe zachokera lamulo kachulukidwe wa mtundu wina.

5. kukula kwa kachitidwe aliyense supraorganismal zimadalira zinthu zina.

kachitidwe yokumba kwachilengedwenso

Biocenosis chongopeka analenga, anakhalabe ndi imayendetsedwa ndi munthu. Professor B. G. Ioganzen anayambitsa mfundo zachilengedwe antropotsenoza ie analenga chongopeka ndi anthu a dongosolo zachilengedwe Mwachitsanzo, lalikulu, terrarium kapena Aquarium. Pakati pa yokumba biocenosis olekanitsidwa agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - m'dera analenga munthu kutulutsa katundu aliyense. Njirazi ndi monga:

• mosungiramo;
• njira;
• amatunga;
• chatsanulidwa m'madambo;
• odyetserako;
• m'munda kukula kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana;
• malamba pogona;
• m'minda chongopeka zongowonjezwdwa.

Agrocenoses mbali khalidwe ndi:

Izi machitidwe yokumba zosawononga chilengedwe ndithu wosakhazikika, ndipo udzakhalapo kwa pafupi chaka, agrobiocenoses udzu osatha adzakangamira zaka zitatu popanda anthu agrocnosises masamba ndi tirigu mbewu. biocenoses khola kwambiri yokumba mbewu zipatso, popanda kukopa anthu, iwo adzatha kulibe zaka zochepa.

• agrophytocenosis monga maziko a moyo;
• kusowa kachitidwe kudziletsa lamulo;
• otsika kuchuluka;
• ndi ulamuliro wa ziweto, kapenanso zomera nakulitsa;
• kulandira thandizo zina kwa munthu (udzu ndi tizilombo kulamulira, umuna, etc.);
• Kulephela kukhalapo nthawi yaitali popanda munthu.

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti ngakhale wosaukitsitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana agrocnosises ndi lopangidwa ambiri mitundu ya zinthu za thupi magulu osiyana zachilengedwe ndi taxonomic. m'munda wanu uliwonse yofesedwa ndi mwamuna kapena chakudya mbewu, - anthu osiyana zamoyo biocenosis. Zitsanzo - munda wa rye kapena tirigu, kumene pambali chikhalidwe chachikulu "moyo" ndi udzu; ndi tizilombo zosiyanasiyana (onse tizirombo ndi muzikangana awo); ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ndi invertebrates.

The mayunitsi structural wa biosystems

Monga tanenera, masoka ndi yokumba biocenosis zigwirizana mwa zigawo zingapo khola structural monga phytocoenosis, ndi zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Kutsogolera ndi phytocoenosis, lomwe ndi wosasunthika chomera dera. Chifukwa fixity ake ndiponso kulephera kuyenda, kuti maziko ndi zonse kwa kapangidwe zamoyo dongosolo. Tizilombo, mosiyana ndi zomera, si Ufumuyo ku mbali iliyonse ya kupsa angathe kuchitidwa ndi mphepo kapena madzi pa mtunda mwachilungamo yaitali. Interconnection zigawo zikuluzikulu wasonyeza biocenosis malingana nyama ndi zomera, kuyambira okha zomera angathe kutembenuza zinthu zochita kupanga mu organic.

A mbali yaikulu pa moyo wa mudzi zachilengedwe kusewera zosiyanasiyana tizilombo zimene zimachititsa kusintha kwa zinthu zakufa organic mu mchere.

Kapangidwe ka machitidwe kwachilengedwenso

Aliyense biocoenosis kumatanthauza dongosolo yodziwika ndi:

• Okhudza malo, ofukula kapena yopingasa, monga chotsatira cha chitukuko cha mitundu zamoyo m'dera danga ndi asapita akuwuka kwa kupikisana kwa mphamvu.
• Species kumatanthauza zikuchokera, koposa ndi kuchuluka kwa kachitidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu zamoyo komanso chiŵerengero chiwerengero cha anthu m'gulu izo. Mitundu zachilengedwe mdera, ndi wamkulu n'zosangalatsa kumva chifaniziro, wotchedwa lalikulu.
• Trophic kapena chakudya, amene anatsimikiza ndi madera okwanira pakati pa zamoyo.

Onse a mbali zosiyanasiyana structural wa biocenoses ali kwambiri zogwirizana. Monga ulamuliro, zovuta kwambiri okhudza malo kapangidwe ndi bungwe, ndi waphindu ndi osiyanasiyana chifaniziro cha mtundu wake. Pa nthawi biocenosis dongosolo zimasiyanasiyana mu uthunthu yaing'ono. Chotero boma kukaniza wachibale kuti zidzachitika mogwirizana kwa zinthu constituent, wotchedwa homeostasis.

Tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zofunika dongosolo amakhala biocenosis.

Kapangidwe okhudza malo

Biocoenosis ali ndi dongosolo mu mlengalenga, kumene kungakhale onse ofukula ndi yopingasa.

Kapangidwe ofukula anapanga chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera za mulingo zosiyanasiyana okwera zamera-dongosolo, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe layering. Chotero dongosolo makamaka anatsimikiza mtima longline m'dera zomera, womwe ndi malo a M'maso mwa madera asonyeza kwa mbewu monga mizu ndi photosynthesizing masamba. Pakuti phytocenosis khalidwe onse aboveground ndi mobisa layering. The amasonyeza woyamba yokha mu kuthekera kwa co-kukula mitundu ya zomera kuti tiri ndi zosowa zosiyana mu dzuwa. Izi bwino kwambiri anafotokoza mu nkhalango m'dera kotentha nyengo, pamene pali mtengo ndi chitsamba chilichonse chapamwamba tiers, ili pang'ono m'munsimu zitsamba ndi udzu, ndi kufupi atangochimwa dziko lapansili - pa mlengalenga gawo, kawirikawiri ongokhala ndere ndi lichens.

Mobisa layering mu kachitidwe kwachilengedwenso amalola phytocenoses ntchito zabwino chinyezi nthaka, chifukwa kuya osiyana a dongosolo muzu wa zomera. m'madera steppe amakhala ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka atatu mlingo: kwambiri kwambiri bedded ndi dongosolo mpopi, kenako mizu mbewu monga chimanga osiyanasiyana kwambiri pamwamba - tubers, mababu ndi machitidwe muzu wa zomera pachaka.

Kuganizira nyumba ndi yopingasa biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis gawo ongokhala zomera chimodzi kapena zingapo mitundu ina, zachilengedwe kapena spatially anapatukana. Iwo akhoza yochepa kapena okhazikika, epiphytic, Anachotsa kapena subsurface.

Kapangidwe yeniyeni m'madera kwachilengedwenso

Chinthu chapadera cha biocenosis aliyense ndi dongosolo yake yeniyeni. Kuvuta ndipo zosiyanasiyana zikuchokera mitundu makamaka anatsimikiza ndi malo ndi digiri cha kapangidwe mikhalidwe imene biocenosis. Zitsanzo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana osauka - okwera mkulu, Titafika pamalo, chipululu. Biosystem chili ndi wachuma wa mitundu - moti matanthwe ndi nkhalango zotentha.

Species, osakhala mu chiwerengero, ndi mitundu phata ndipo amatchedwa dominants. Choncho, m'nkhalango birch adzakhala birch, munda wa tirigu - tirigu. Mu biocenosis iliyonse pali mitundu kuti unalipo chifukwa cha lalikulu, otchedwa predominanty Mwachitsanzo, mphalapala mu malowo nkhalango kapena mapuloteni mu paini ndi spruce nkhalango.

Komanso, madera zotere edificators, mwachitsanzo mitundu ya nyama kapena chomera kulenga zinthu zofunika pa moyo ku zamoyo zina. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, mu steppe biocenosis wamphamvu edificator ndi nthenga.

Kuti asa- udindo wa mitundu mu kapangidwe ka dera zamoyo ntchito zizindikiro zochokera nkhani kachulukidwe, monga kuchuluka kwake, pafupipafupi zosayembekezereka, ndi Shannon zosiyanasiyana index ndi mitundu koposa.