Sulfa mankhwala. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfa m'magawo mankhwala. Sulfa mankhwala a chilinganizo

chalcogen subgroup zikuphatikizapo sulfure, - chinthu chachiwiri amatha kupanga ambiri madipoziti miyala. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides mankhwala ena sulfure zili ponseponse kwambiri, ndi zofunika mafakitale chikhalidwe. Choncho, m'nkhani ino tiona chomwe iwo ali, amene akuimira ndi sulfure yokha chake nkhani yamasewera.

Sulfa ndi mapangidwe ake

mchitidwe uyu ali ndi udindo potsatira dongosolo nthawi.

1. Gulu chimodzi, gulu lalikulu.
2. A lachitatu yaing'ono nthawi.
3. Atomiki misa - 32,064.
4. Siriyo chiwerengero - 16, mapulotoni ma elekitironi komanso 16 neutrons.
5. Zimatanthauza zinthu, si zitsulo.
6. Mu mitunduyi ndi kuwerenga monga "es" dzina la zinthu sulfure, Latin sulfure.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali anayi isotopes khola ndi manambala misa 32,33,34 ndi 36. Izi mchitidwe wa chisanu ambiri m'chilengedwe. Zimatanthauza zinthu biogenic, monga gawo la tinthu zofunika organic.

Kapangidwe pakompyuta wa maatomu

Sulfa mankhwala ndi chifukwa zosiyanasiyana maonekedwe a dongosolo la zamagetsi la maatomu. Iwo anafotokoza zotsatirazi chilinganizo kasinthidwe: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

The kuti pamwamba kumanyezimiritsa khazikika wa mchitidwe wa. Koma tidziwa kuti ngati atomu kupereka mphamvu zina, n'zotheka awiriwiri ndi mnyamata kuswa ma elekitironi pa 3p ndi 3s-sublayer, kenako kusintha wina kwa 3D, zimene zatsalira ufulu. Chifukwa, osati chimasintha valence la atomu, komanso mayiko onse zotheka makutidwe ndi okosijeni. chiwerengero chawo kwambiri kuchuluka komanso chiwerengero cha zinthu zosiyana ndi sulfure.

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni sulfa m'magawo mankhwala

Pali zingapo zimene mungachite yaikulu ya chizindikiro ichi. Sulfa ndi:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

Awa, ambiri osowa S ^+2, ena onse atabalalika kulikonse. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala sulfure mu reactivity yozungulira oxidizing mphamvu ya zinthu zonse. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ndi -2 - izo sulfides. Iwo ankaona ife chinthu ankaikira nthumwi oxidizing.

The apamwamba mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu mpanda, ndi kutchulidwa koposa ndi oxidizing luso mankhwala. Izi mophweka ngati ife kukumbukira zidulo zofunikira ziwiri zomwe ndi sulfure:

• H _{2 3} - sulfurous;
• H _{2 4} - asidi sulfuric.

Amadziwika kuti yotsirizira zambiri khola, wamphamvu pawiri kukhala mkulu wa ndende luso lalikulu kwambiri oxidize.

mankhwala osavuta

Zazing'ono mankhwala sulfure ndi chikasu timibulu wokongola lathyathyathya elongated zolondola. Ngakhale kuti mmodzi wa mtundu uliwonse, chifukwa pali awiri aakulu allotropic zosintha zinthu izi. Choyamba, monoclinic kapena orthorhombic - ichi ndi chikasu crystalline mankhwala, si sungunuka m'madzi, koma solvents organic. Yodziwika fragility ndi wokongola mawonekedwe dongosolo akuimira mu mawonekedwe a korona. Limatsogolera mfundo - m'ma 110 ⁰ C.

Ngati mulibe mwadya mfundo zokhwima ndi Kutentha kusinthidwa ngati zimenezi, n'zotheka yake kudziwa m'dera lina - pulasitiki sulfure. Ndi rubbery viscous bulauni njira, imene pa Kutentha zambiri kapena othetsa kachiwiri akudutsa mu mawonekedwe rhombic.

Ngati ife kulankhula za sulfure mankhwala wangwiro, akamagwira filtrations angapo, ndi lowala chikasu ndi timibulu yaing'ono, osalimba ndi insoluble kwathunthu mu madzi. Wangwiro azinyadira pa kukhudzana ndi chinyezi ndi mpweya wa mlengalenga. Amasiyana ntchito mokwanira mkulu mankhwala.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Mu chikhalidwe, pali zachilengedwe gawo limene mankhwala sulfure ndi yotengedwa yekha chinthu yosavuta. Komanso, lili:

• mu mchere, ores ndi miyala;
• nyama, zomera ndi anthu, monga gawo la tinthu ambiri organic;
• mu mpweya zachilengedwe, mafuta ndi malasha;
• mu mafuta shale ndi madzi achilengedwe.

Mukhoza dzina ochepa olemera mchere sulfure:

• cinnabar;
• galasi;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena ndi ena.

Ambiri mwa sulfure opangidwa lero akupita ku yopanga sulphate. Mbali inanso ntchito mankhwala zolinga, ulimi, mafakitale mankhwala ndondomeko kupanga.

thupi katundu

Angafotokoze mu ndime zochepa.

1. madzi insoluble mpweya disulfide, turpentine, kapena - bwino kusungunuka.
2. Yaitali mikangano amasonkhana mlandu negative.
3. Limatsogolera kufika 110 ⁰ C.
4. Kuwira mfundo ya 190 ⁰ C.
5. Akafike 300 ⁰ C akudutsa mu madzi-loyenda.
6. A chinthu choyera amatha kudziletsa azinyadira flammable katundu ndi zabwino kwambiri.
7. Palokha lili pafupi palibe fungo, koma mankhwala sulfure wa hydrogen zimatulutsa fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala mazira owola. Komanso ena oimira bayinare gaseous.

The thupi katundu wa chinthu ku funso ankadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ndi chifukwa combustibility awo a sulfa ndi nalo dzina lake. Mu nkhondo ntchito asphyxiating ndi utsi chakupha amene amayambira pa kuyaka pawiri, monga chida adani. Komanso, asidi ndi sulfure komanso nthawi zonse anali kufunika mafakitale.

katundu mankhwala

Mutu: "Sulfa ndi mankhwala ake" satenga phunziro mu sukulu umagwirira Inde, koma zingapo. Ndipotu, ambiri a iwo. Ichi ndi chifukwa ntchito mankhwala thunthu. Kungakhale onse katundu oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila amphamvu (zitsulo, boron, etc.), ndi kukonzanso ambiri-zitsulo sanali.

Komabe, ngakhale ntchito umenewu ndi anzake fluorine atuluka m'mikhalidwe wamba. Pakuti aliyense, mukufuna kutenthetsa. Magulu angapo zipangizo akhoza anasankha, chimene chingathe yatikhudza ndi sulfure:

• zitsulo;
• sanali zitsulo;
• alkalis;
• amphamvu oxidizing asidi - sulfuric, ndi nitric.

Sulfa mankhwala: mitundu

Zosiyanasiyana kufunika kwake zidzafotokozedwa ndi madigiri osiyana chiwalo makutidwe ndi okosijeni m'munsi - sulfure. Choncho, mitundu zofunika zochepa za zinthu zimene tingaone pamaziko a:

• pawiri ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Ngati tikulingalira makalasi, osati chizindikiro cha valences, izi amafotokozera mitundu mamolekyulu monga:

• asidi;
• oxides;
• mankhwala sulfure wa hydrogen;
• mchere;
• mankhwala bayinare ndi-zitsulo sanali (mpweya disulfide, chlorides);
• organic zinthu.

Tsopano tiyeni tione akuluakulu, ndi kupereka zitsanzo.

Zinthu ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni -2

mankhwala sulfure 2 - ndi conformation ake ndi zitsulo, komanso:

• mpweya;
• haidrojeni;
• phosphorous;
• pakachitsulo;
• Arsenic;
• boron.

Nthawi imeneyi, iwo ukuchita monga nthumwi oxidizing, popeza zinthu zonsezi zambiri electropositive. Taganizirani ofunika kwambiri.

1. Mpweya disulphide - CS _2. The madzi mandala ndi zosangalatsa fungo efa. Ndi poizoni, flammable mankhwala ndi zikuphulika. Ntchito ngati zosungunulira, ndipo kwa mitundu kwambiri mafuta, mafuta, si zitsulo, nitrate siliva, resins ndi rubbers. Ndi mbali yofunika kupanga silika yokumba - viscose. makampani ndi apanga lalikulu zedi.
2. Haidrojeni sulphide kapena sulphide wa hydrogen - H ₂ S. The mpweya, wopanda mtundu ndi zokoma kukoma. Fungo lamphamvu, zosasangalatsa kwambiri, amatikumbutsa dzira lovunda ayi. Zakupha, depresses pakati kupuma ndi yolumikiza pa ayoni mkuwa. Choncho, pamene izo zifika chiphe suffocation ndi imfa. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala, kaphatikizidwe organic, ulimi wa asidi sulfuric, ndi zipangizo monga ankafalitsa mwakhama yabwino yaiwisi.
3. sulfides zitsulo ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kupanga chidulo cha safuriki, kupeza utoto kupanga phosphors, ndi malo ena. General chilinganizo - Ine _X S _Y.

Mankhwala ndi digiri ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa +4

Sulfa mankhwala 4 - ndi makamaka okusayidi ndi mchere lolingana ndi acid. Onsewo ndi mankhwala zachilendo kukhala mtengo zenizeni mu makampani. Iwo akhoza kumachita monga oxidants, koma ambiri anasonyeza kuchepetsa katundu.

mankhwala chilinganizo sulfa m'magawo boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +4 zotsatirazi:

• woipa sulfure CHONCHO ₂ - _okusayidi;
• asidi - sulfurous H _{2 3;}
• salt ndi chilinganizo ambiri Ine _× (CHONCHO _{3) Y.}

Mmodzi wa ambiri ndi sulfure dioxide, kapena anhydride. Ndi chinthu colorless ndi m'nunkho wa machesi yopsereza. Masango lalikulu inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuphulika kwa mapiri, ake pa mfundo iyi ndi zosavuta kuzindikira ndi fungo.

Iwo kusungunuka m'madzi ndi mapangidwe mosavuta decomposing asidi - sulfure. Ndi khalidwe monga mmene asidi okusayidi mitundu salt, monga munthu sulfite ion CHONCHO ₃ ^2-. Izi anhydride - mpweya chachikulu, izi zimakhudza chilengedwe mpweya kuipitsa. Kuti zimakhudza mapangidwe mvula acid. M'mafakitale ntchito kupanga asidi sulfuric.

Mankhwala amene sulfa m'magawo boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +6

Zikuphatikizapo anhydride makamaka sulfuric acid sulfuric ndi mchere wake:

• sulfates;
• sulphate wa hydrogen.

Popeza atomu sulfure m'menemo chawonetsedwa mu mulingo wapamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndi katundu wa mankhwala awa ali explainable ndithu. Iwo oxidants amphamvu.

Sulfa okusayidi (VI) - sulfure trioxide - akuimira colorless madzi oyaka. Mbali khalidwe - amphamvu desiccant luso. Panja amasuta. Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi lili mmodzi wa wamphamvu zidulo mchere - sulfuric. Yankho kuikapo maganizo n'lalikulu pang'ono chikasu wochuluka madzi. Ngati anhydride uli kusungunuka mu chidulo cha safuriki, timapeza pawiri makamaka wotchedwa oleum. Izo ntchito makampani kwa kupanga acid.

Mwa mchere - sulphate - ndi mankhwala ofunika kwambiri monga:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ Inu;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• kuphatikizapo;
• kutsogolera sulphate ndi ena.

Iwo ntchito zomangamanga, kaphatikizidwe mankhwala, mankhwala, kupanga zida kuwala ndi magalasi ndipo ngakhale adzasowa chakudya.

Hydrogensulfates ankagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo, kumene ntchito ngati kamwazi ndi. Ndipo amathandiza kumasulira zambiri oxides zovuta mu mawonekedwe sungunuka sulphate kuti ntchito m'mafakitale a AIDS.

Phunziro la sulfa m'magawo njira umagwirira sukulu

Kodi kwambiri ndi kuloŵerera a chidziwitso, monga mwa ophunzira kuti ndi sulfure, ndi katundu mwake, zomwe ndi pawiri la sulfa? Kalasi 9 - nthawi yabwino. Izi si pachiyambi, pamene ana onse latsopano zachilendo. Izi ndi pakati pa phunziro zimapangidwira, pamene maziko anaika kale, kudzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo. Choncho, kuganizira deta anamasulidwa ndi theka lachiwiri la omaliza maphunzirowo. Nkhani lonse lagawidwa midadada ingapo, womwenso payokha phunziro "Sulfa mankhwala. Maphunziro 9".

Ichi ndi chifukwa nambala yawo yaikulu. Komanso payokha kuganiziridwa kuti ulimi wa asidi sulfuric mu makampani. Ambiri, nkhaniyi kwapatsidwa mwa maola 3.

Koma mankhwala organic sulfure akazitumiza yophunzira yokha mu kalasi 10, pamene nkhani amaonedwa organic. Anakhudzanso ali ndi zamoyo kusekondale. Inde, sulfure ndi gawo la tinthu organic, monga:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• mapuloteni (ukachenjede dongosolo, ndilo mapangidwe milatho disulfide);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• asidi sulfonic;
• sulphoxides ndi ena.

Iwo amakhala mu gulu osiyana mankhwala organosulfur. Ndi ofunika osati mu njira zamoyo zamoyo, komanso makampani. Mwachitsanzo, sulfonic asidi - maziko a mankhwala ambiri (aspirin sulfanilamide kapena streptocid).

Komanso, mankhwala sulufule ngati okhazikika chigawo monga ena:

• amino zidulo;
• michere;
• mavitamini;
• mahomoni.