Board Nicholas 2. Zotsatira za Nicholas II

Akuti ngati munthu sadziwa mbiri ya boma kwawo, iye sadziwa mizu. Pa dzanja limodzi, kuti tsopano tikukhala, kuti tsoka wa olamulira amene analamulira angapo zaka zana zapitazo? Koma kumapeto limasonyeza kuti zinachitikira m'mbiri sasiya kugwirizana panthawi iliyonse. Ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 anali poyambira yomaliza ulamuliro wa Romanov mafumu, koma kunapezeka kuti yowala ndi yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko lathu. M'nkhani pansipa inu timudziwe bwino banja lachifumu, muphunzira mmene Nicholas anali 2. ka komiti ya boma nthawi wake, makamaka kusintha ndi ulamuliro wa ake adzakhala chidwi kuti aliyense.

Mfumu Last

Nikolai 2 nazo zochuluka za maudindo ndi regalia Iye anali Mfumu ya Russia, Grand Duke la Finland, Mfumu ya Poland. Anaikidwa wamkulu, ndi mafumu British kupereka iye Mulingo wa Field polimbana wa British asilikali ndi bulu wa asilikali. Akuti anali kulemekeza kutchuka pakati pa atsogoleri ena a boma. Iye anali munthu kulankhulana ophweka, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, sanasiye kudzidalira. Nthawi iliyonse, mfumu sanaiwale kuti anali - royals. Ngakhale mu ukapolo, nyumba kumangidwa m'masiku otsiriza a moyo wake anakhalabe mwamuna weniweni.

Ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 anasonyeza kuti pa nthaka Russian sanali anawamasulira dziko lawo ndi malingaliro abwino, ndi ntchito ulemerero kwa wabwino wa Dziko Lathu. M'nthawi ananena kuti Nicholas 2 anali mochuluka kwambiri ngati munthu wolemekezeka yosavuta-apamwamba, usilikali, iye ndi njira udindo ntchito iliyonse, ndipo nthawi timafunitsitsa anamvera ululu wa anthu ena. Iye akudzichepetsa kwa anthu onse, ngakhale wamba yosavuta mosavuta kulankhula pa mawu ofanana ndi aliyense wa iwo. Koma mfumu konse adakhululukira iwo amene anayamba kuchita ndalama zoberana, chinyengo ndi kumanyenga anthu ena.

2 Nicholas kusintha

Mfumu anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1896. Iyi ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa Russia, zovuta kuti anthu wamba ndi owopsa kwa kalasi olamulira. Mfumu yekha mwamphamvu Pamilunguyo mfundo za autocracy ndi nthawi anatsindika kuti adzakhala mosamalitsa kulisunga hayala ndi kusintha kulikonse sanafune kuchita. Tsiku Nicholas 2 anagwa pa nthawi yovuta kwa dziko, kotero chosintha zipolowe pakati pa anthu ndi kusakhutira awo ndi kalasi ulamuliro amakakamizidwa Nicholas 2 kuchita ziwiri zikulu zofunika kukonza. Awa anali: lisinthe 1905-1907g.g. ndi agrarian kusintha mu 1907 Mbiri ya ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 zikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi aliyense sitepe ya mwayekha anali kupempha ndi masamu.

Bulygin kusintha mu 1905

Kusintha loyamba limayamba ndi gawo kukonzekera, inachitika kuyambira February kwa August 1905. msonkhano wapadera linakhazikitsidwa, lotsogoledwa ndi nduna ya Mkati AG Bulygin. Panthawi imeneyi, mfundo za pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma ndi zokhudza chisankho anawakonzera. Iwo zinatuluka August 6, 1905. Koma chifukwa cha chiwembu cha ntchito kalasi zakonosoveschatelnogo Bulygin Duma sanali msonkhano.

Komanso, zonse Russian ndale sitalaka zimene zinachititsa Tsar Nicholas 2 asintha akuluakulu andale ndi 17 October kusindikiza Ndondomeko kuti anapatsa zakonosoveschatelnuyu Duma malamulo ufulu, ufulu wa ndale kuti alengeze ndi kwambiri kukuza osiyanasiyana omwe adzaponye chisanko.

Ntchito yonse ya Duma ndi mfundo za mapangidwe ake analembedwa Malamulo pa chisankho cha December 11, 1905, lamulo pa kapangidwe ndi zida za State Duma pa February 20, 1906, komanso Chilamulo Basic pa 23 April 1906. Chokongoletsedwa kusintha kwa lamulo la boma. Popeza ntchito malamulo ku Bungwe la State ndi Bungwe la nduna yomwe inayamba ndi October 19, 1905, ndipo mutu wake Amasankhidwa Y. Witte. Kusintha kwa Nicholas 2 kungotchula chinachititsa boma kusintha mphamvu ndi kupasula autocracy lapansi.

Kugwa kwa Duma a 1906-1907

The zikuchokera loyamba la State Duma mu Russia anali demokalase kwambiri, koma kuti zofuna - kwakukulu. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti kusintha ndale ayenera kupitiriza, napempha kuti asiye nzika landownership, iwo anadzudzula autocracy, pitirizani mantha okwana. Komanso, anasonyeza kuti sakhulupirira mphamvu kulamulira. Kumene, izi zaluso zonse zinali zosamveka kwa kalasi olamulira. Choncho, woyamba ndi wachiwiri Duma 1906-1907 GG Iwo unatha Mfumu Nicholas 2.

Anathetsa lisinthe Nicholas 2 analengedwa June Chachitatu mafumu, mwamphamvu sachoka ufulu umene anthu. M'dongosolo latsopano ndale sizikanagwira ntchito ngati osathetsedwa mavuto komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale.

Ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 anali okulira pa dongosolo la ndale la boma. The Duma wakhala nsanja podzudzula maulamuliro, adzionetsere monga thupi kutsutsidwa. Izi zapangitsa kuti latsopano chosintha kugalukira ndi zina amakula mavuto m'dziko lapansi.

Zaulimi "Stolypin" kusintha

The ndondomeko ya kusintha inayamba mu 1907, ndipo iwo anayamba PA Stolypin. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kusunga landlordism. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi, tasankha kuti m'pofunika kuthetsa komanso kugulitsa dzikolo kwa anthu wamba, akukhala m'midzi, mwa Bank wamba. Chifukwa cha kuchepetsa wamba dziko njala osauka anayamba kusuntha kupitirira Urals. Mu chiyembekezo kuti zonsezi zonse zidzatha kuti kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe anthu ndipo adzakhala ndi mwayi modernize ulimi, anayambitsa kusintha agrarian.

Kukwera kwa chuma Russian

Chosavuta zaluso kunathandiza chogwirika mu gawo la ulimi, ndi Russian boma chuma anamva kuchira chidwi. Mapira zokolola chinawonjezeka ndi quintals 2 pa mahekitala, buku la mankhwala anasonkhana chinakwera ndi 20%, tirigu, anatengedwa kunja mu buku chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 1,5. ndalama zochuluka kwambiri kuchuluka kugula mphamvu zawo kuchuluka. Ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 anakweza ulimi ku gawo lina.

Koma ngakhale ayambe chidwi cha chuma, nkhani za chikhalidwe sakanatha kulithetsa wolamulira. Mtundu wa boma wofanana, ndi kusakhutira ake ndi anthu pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka. Popeza anthu ammudzi kumanzere% okha 25 minda ndi 17% wa Ural osamukira anabwerera, ndipo 20% ya alimi amene anatenga pansi kupyolera Alimi Bank, adatayika. Chifukwa alimi chitetezo ziwembu dziko utachepa kuchoka 11 8 desyatinas maekala. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti kusintha yachiwiri Nicholas 2 anamaliza mogwira ndi vuto agrarian si kuthetsedwa.

Kufotokoza zotsatira za ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2, akhoza amanena kuti Russian Ufumu 1913 anakhala mmodzi wa wolemera kwambiri mu dziko. Sindinasiye patatha zaka 4 mwankhanza kupha mfumu yaikulu, banja lake komanso anthu okhulupirika pafupi.

Features wa maphunziro mfumu ya m'tsogolo

2 Nicholas yekha monga kamwana ndi ndaleredwa mu austerity ndi wovutika. A Nthawi zambiri zoyenera masewera, zovala pano kuphweka ndi zakudya ndi maswiti anali kokha pa maholide. Mtima umenewu kwa ana limasonyeza kuti ngakhale anabadwa mu banja wolemera ndi wolemekezeka, izo sizinali nyota awo. Iye akhapidziwa kuti chinthu chachikulu ndicho kuti mukudziwa ndipo inu mukudziwa momwe ndi chomwe moyo wanu. Banja la chifumu la Nicholas 2 - ndi chitsanzo cha wochezeka zipatso za mgwirizano wa mkazi mwamuna ndi ana awo labwino.

Maphunziro tsogolo mfumu anavutika m'banja lake. mwana mfumu anadziwa ubwana ululu zomwe ndi mavuto, anatha amathandiza anthu amene akufunikira madziwo. Mwachitsanzo, akazi achikulire Olga ndi Maria, pamodzi ndi mayi ake, Mfumukazi Aleksandroy Fedorovnoy, ntchito mu zipatala asilikali pa First World nkhondo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo anadutsa maphunziro apadera zachipatala ndi maola ochepa ataima pa mapazi awo pa tebulo ya opareshoni.

Pa nthawi ino tiyenera kudziwa kuti moyo wa mfumu ndi banja lake - ndi mwamantha chifukwa moyo wake, banja ndi onse a dziko lawo. Ndi wamkulu komanso woyamba waukulu udindo, ndi kusamalira anthu onse. A "ntchito" mfumu osayamika ndi woopsa, kutsimikizira mbiri ya boma Russian. Banja la chifumu la Nicholas 2 anakhala muyezo kukhulupirika kwa zaka zambiri.

Mutu wa banja lachifumu

2 Nicholas yekha anali womaliza Russian tsar, ndipo anathetsa ulamuliro wa Nyumba ya Romanov Russia. Iye anali mwana wamkulu m'banjamo, ndipo makolo ake anali Mfumu Alexander 3, ndi Maria Feodorovna Romanova. Pambuyo pa imfa ya agogo ake, nakhala wolowa nyumba wa mpando wachifumu Russian. Nikolai 2 anali chikhalidwe bata, yodziwika ndi achipembedzo kwambiri, anakulira manyazi ndi woganiza mnyamata. Komabe, pa nthawi yoyenera wakhala amphamvu ndi kulimbikira zolinga zawo komanso zochita.

Mfumukazi ndi mayi wa banja

Mkazi wa Russian Mfumu Nicholas 2 anali mwana wa Grand Duke wa Hesse-Drmshtadskogo Ludwig, ndipo mayi ake anali wolemekezeka wa England. Anabadwa tsogolo Mfumukazi June 7, 1872 ku Darmstadt. Makolo dzina lake Alix ake ndipo anapereka mphatso maphunziro Chingelezi. Mtsikanayo anabadwa chimodzi, koma sindinasiye ake tisalowe ophunzira ndi woyenera continuer wa mtundu English, chifukwa agogo ake anali Mfumukazi Victoria ya England. The mfumukazi tsogolo anali ndi khalidwe moyenera ndipo anali wamanyazi kwambiri. Ngakhale chiyambi mfulu, iye ankakhala moyo wovutika, m'mawa anatenga kusamba ndi madzi ozizira ndi ogona pa bedi zolimba.

ana okondedwa a m'banja lachifumu

Mwana woyamba wa Tsar Nicholas 2 ndi mkazi wake Mfumukazi Alexandra Feodorovna anali mwana wa Olga. Iye anabadwa mu 1895 mu mwezi wa November nakhala ndiwotani mwana wa makolo. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova anali wanzeru kwambiri, wochezeka komanso kulekanitsidwa ndi luso kwambiri kuphunzira mitundu yonse ya sayansi. Osiyana mtima ndi kuwolowa manja, ndipo moyo wachikristu anali woyera ndi woona. Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 chizindikiro cha kubadwa kwa mwana woyamba.

The mwana wachiwiri wa Nicholas 2 anali mwana Tatiana, amene anabadwa June 11, 1897. Kunja, iye ankawoneka ngati mayi wake, ndipo khalidwe la bambo ake anali. Iye anali timasiyanitsa ntchito ndi chikondi mu ndondomeko. Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova bwino nsalu ndi kusoka, iye anali kulingalira bwino ndi kukhala ndi nthawi zonse.

Chotsatira ndi moyenera, mwana wachitatu wa mfumu ndi mfumukazi anakhala mwana wina wamkazi - Mary. Iye anabadwa June 27, 1899. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova osiyana alongo mtima, waubwenzi ndi osangalatsa. Iye anali ndi wokongola ndipo anali ndi umoyo kwambiri. Kwambiri wakhala womangidwa kwa makolo ndipo anawakonda mozama.

Mfumu analindirira mwana wake, koma mwana wachinayi m'banja lachifumu la mtsikana Anastasia adayambanso. Mfumu ankamukonda ngati ana ake onse. Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova anabadwa June 18, 1901 ndi chikhalidwe zikufanana kwambiri mnyamatayu. Analidi nimble ndi mzimu mwana, iye ankakonda kusewera pranks ndipo anali wansangala.

August 12, 1904 wolowa nyumba yaitali anabadwa mu banja lachifumu. Mnyamata wina dzina lake Alex, polemekeza yemwe anali agogo Alekseya Mihaylovicha Romanova. Tsesarevich analandira zabwino zonse kwa atate wake ndi amake. Anali kumukonda kwambiri makolo ake, bambo ake, Nikolai 2 anali fano lenileni, iye nthawizonse ndayesera kumutsanzira.

Voshestvie mpandowachifumu

May 1896 amalembedwa chochitika chofunika - unachitikira ku Moscow coronation a Nicholas 2. Uwo unali wosangalatsa ngati umenewu otsiriza: mfumuyo samangokhala mu Romanov mafumu, komanso mbiri ya Russian Ufumu. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, iyi ndi coronation anali ambiri otchuka ndi wapamwamba. Choncho anayamba ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2. Nthawi zofunika mzindawo chokongoletsedwa chabe anaonekera pamene nyali zokongola magetsi. Malinga ndi mboni, zinali kwenikweni "nyanja ya moto" pa chochitika.

Mu likulu Russian Ufumu wa asonkhane oimira mayiko onse. Ku mitu ya boma kuti anthu wamba - oimira lililonse kalasi anali pa mwambo wotsegulira. Kugwila mu utoto lero auspicious, tinafika ku Moscow lopambana ojambula zithunzi: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov ndi ena. The coronation a Nicholas 2 anali azichitira weniweni kwa anthu Russian.

Last ndalama Ufumu

Numismatics - chidwi sayansi. Ikufotokoza osati kokha ndalama ndi ngongole ya maiko osiyanasiyana ndipo Nthawi. Zotolera za okhometsa yaikulu ndalama akhoza kufufuza mbiri ya dziko, chuma, ndale ndiponso kusintha kwake. Ndipo Nicholas 2 ducat ndalama kunamveka ponseponse.

Nthawi yoyamba iye linatulutsidwa mu 1911, ndipo kenako chaka timbewu ndalama za golidi zinapangidwa ku circulations yaikulu. Chipembedzo cha ndalama anali 10 rubles ndipo unali wagolidi. Zingaoneke, chifukwa ndalama uyu chidwi cha numismatists ndi mbiri yakale? The nsomba ndi chiwerengero cha ndalama unayendera zinapangidwa zochepa. Ndipo, ndiye, n'zomveka kupikisana kwa sanasilire golide chidutswa. Ine kukakumana nawo kuposa ananena timbewu. Koma, mwatsoka, mwa kuchuluka kwa fakes ndi "samozvanok" kuchipeza ndalama chenicheni.

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri mu ndalama ali "mapasa"? Amakhulupirira kuti munthu anakhoza kutenga zikusonyeza kuti kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo mbali ndi timbewu ndi kusamutsa m'manja a achinyengo. Mbiri yakale amati izo zikhoza kukhala mwina Kolchak, amene "nachekanil" ducats ambiri Kusokoneza chuma m'dzikoli, ndipo boma la Soviet, amene anayesa kupereka ndalama ndi zibwenzi Western. Amadziwika kuti kwa nthawi yaitali, mayiko Western sanamuzindikire boma latsopano kwambiri ndipo anapitiriza kuchita masamu ndi Russian zidutswa golide. Monga kuŵeta ndalama yabodza akhoza ikuchitika patapita nthawi yaitali, ndi golide wa otsika khalidwe.

Yachilendo Politika Nikolaya 2

Pakuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu zinachitika awiri yokopa lalikulu lankhondo. Ku Far East a boma Russian anakumana ndi Japan aukali. Mu 1904, Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, zomwe zimalepheretsa ndi populace mavuto umoyo ndi zachuma a boma. The kanthu waukulu asilikali zinachitika pa linga la Port Arthur, amene wodzipereka December 1904. Pansi Mukendi asilikali Russian anataya nkhondo February 1905. A zombo Russian anagonjetsedwa ndi kwathunthu kumizidwa pa chilumba cha Tsushima mu May 1905. Iwo inatha Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ndi kusainira mu Portsmouth mu August 1905 choncho mtendere umene Japan wachoka Korea ndi kum'mwera kwa Sakhalin Island.

The First World nkhondo

mzinda wa Sarajevo ku Bosnia anaphedwa wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu Austria, Ferdinand F., zimene zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha First World nkhondo mu 1914 pakati pa chapakati Mphamvu ndi Entente. The anapanga Alliance mayiko m'gulu monga Germany, Austria-Hungary ndi Italy. A mbali ya anagwirizana m'gulu Russia, Britain ndi France.

Major ntchito asilikali zinachitika pa Western Front mu 1914. Pa East Front, Austria-Hungary anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali Russian, anali pafupi kuti mudzipereke. Koma Germany wathandiza Austria-Hungary kupulumuka ndi kupitiriza kuukira Russia.

Kachiwiri Germany anamuka Russia m'chaka ndi chilimwe cha 1915, anatenga izo pakutchulidwa wa Poland, mbali ya Baltic, mbali ya Western Belarus ndi Ukraine. Ndipo mu 1916, asilikali a ku Germany nkhonyayo waukulu chinaperekedwa pa Western Front. asilikali Russian anaswa kutsogolo ndi asilikali Austria, nayenso, anatsogolera ntchito ya usilikali, General AA Brusilov.

Yachilendo Politika Nikolaya 2 kwachititsa chakuti boma Russian anali chuma wotopa ndi nkhondo yaitali, kukhwima ndi mavuto andale. Maguluwo sanabise choona kuti osakhutira ndi mfundo anathamangitsa mwa mphamvu kulamulira. The ntchito wamba funso sichinayambe anatsimikiza, ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yekha kulimbikitsa izo. Ndi kusainira ndi Brest mtendere March 5, 1918, Russia itatha nkhondo.

Polongosola mwachidule

Zimene zinachitikira olamulira kulankhula kwa nthawi yaitali. The zotsatira za ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 ali motere: Russia wakhala adzatumpha yaikulu kwambiri kutukula ndi kulimbitsa zotsutsana zandale ndiponso. Pa ulamuliro wa Mfumu anali kusintha awiri basi, otsiriza umene unali mwachangu. Zikuluzikulu kutembenuka mu ubale ndi mayiko ena zinachititsa kuti chakuti Russian Ufumu chawonjezeka kukopa kwake kummawa. mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 zinali kwambiri maganizo. Mwina Choncho, anali mu zaka panali zimene zinachitika ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la ndale.

Kodi kukhala zokambirana yaitali, kunali koyenera kuchita mfumu mulimonse. Azambiriyakale nkukhalabe simukuvomereza pa lingaliro limodzi za amene anali mfumu yomaliza ya Russian Ufumu - lalikulu autocrat kapena akamakonza statehood. Mu ulamuliro wa Nicholas 2 - nthawi ino, nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa Russian Ufumu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo chidwi ndi kusintha moyo wake.