Bungwe Financial - izo ... Tanthauzo

Ndalama mu mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, nthawizonse wakhala ndipo adzakhala maziko ubale zachuma pa milingo yaying'ono ndi zazikulu. Financial bungwe - ndi ophunzira mwakhama dongosolo la ndalama za dziko kapena msika chuma padziko lonse.

Lingaliro la mabungwe a zachuma

Ndalama, nawonso, ndi nkhani ya malonda, ogulitsa amene ali obwereketsa. Financial bungwe - ndi wothandizila chuma (zambiri bungwe lalamulo), ntchito pa msika chuma pansi chilolezo ndi wozengereza ntchito popereka ngongole kugulitsa masheya ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi mapangidwe a utuluke ndalama.

Ntchito ya makampani ndalama

Ndipotu, makampani ndalama ayimire kwa kusokonekera ndalama. chuma chawo panopa ali madipoziti analandira kwa Malipilo ena ku anthu ndi malamulo mabungwe, amene ndiye pansi pa amati ndi ngongole 'anadzigulitsa' ophunzira ena ubale ngongole. Ndithudi, izi ndi chitsanzo wosazindikira wa limagwirira wa ntchito kwa intermediaries chuma, koma mfundo za icho chiri wamba, kusintha yekha lonse, mawonekedwe ndi ophunzira. Choncho, mabungwe ngongole nawo ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Kumatanthauza mapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa msika ndalama ndi sheya.
• Kusokonekera kwa ndalama mu mawonekedwe a ndalama ndalama ya anthu, ndiyo kusintha awo mu ndalama ndalama.
• Kuweluza ophunzira ubale chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ndalama.
• Kafukufuku ndi minimization chiopsezo.

Modern mabungwe ena azachuma, mitundu ndi ntchito

Ena mwa makhalidwe osiyana ndi a gulu ubale ndalama, komanso mbali ya ntchito zawo amaloledwa m'kagulu m'magulu angapo. Pa mlingo wa boma aliyense masiku ano kukhala njira zotsatirazi mabungwe a zachuma:

1. Banks - pokambiranapo bungwe, zolowa imene amapatsa chuma madzi: ndalama (pakompyuta ndalama) ndi sheya.
2. Non-banki mabungwe ngongole - kungotchula nawo kusokonekera kwa ndalama. munda awo pa zochitika m'malo apadera kwambiri kasamalidwe ka chuma cha ndalama makasitomala.
3. makampani Investment - kuchita ndi zochita za mavuto azachuma komanso kudziwa malo wokongola kwambiri kunyakhe.
4. mabungwe ngongole - kupereka ndalama ndi ntchito ngongole kwa anthu a mmudzimo. Osiyana makampani malonda kuti sitiri kulinga kuti phindu

Banks, zizindikiro zawo ndi mitundu

Banki ndalama bungwe - mkhalapakati, amene amathandiza kuti "kugulitsa" ndalama kapena mankhwala / utumiki, kupereka chenjezo m'munda wa bizinesi. Choncho, tingathe kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu a mabanki:

1. Bank munthu zachuma - ndi kukhazikitsidwa malonda kupereka ngongole ndalama kwa anthu kapena ntchito zachuma kwa amalipiritsa lokhazikika. Chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole sonyezani kuti makasitomala zimapanga nkhani yaikulu ya revenues mabanki malonda. Ndalama za makampani izi ngongole ndi chiwongola dzanja pa madipoziti (ndalama makasitomala). Iwo depositors madipoziti kupanga gawo lalikulu likulu ntchito ya gombe.
2. Bank ndalama malonda. Utumiki wa mtundu uwu wa bungwe ndi kuti ayimire mu kugulitsa cholimba katundu pang'onopang'ono. Mu pempholo, osati m'mphepete yokha ikuchitika kugulitsa katundu ndi kampani malonda. kubanki ndi kokha kuyang'anira nkhani ya malipiro kugula.
3. Investment Bank - membala wa kachitidwe dziko ndi mayiko ndalama. makasitomala ake ndi mabungwe alamulo ndipo ngakhale boma la boma. Cholinga chachikulu cha kosamalira ndalama chimakopa ndalama kumabungwe osiyanasiyana a chuma, komanso pokambiranapo ndi akagulitse malonda wotuluka ndi sheya.

Kulekana kwa mabanki malonda pa zosinthika akufuna penapake lachabechabe, kuyambira mabungwe ambiri kukongoza kuphimba mbali zonse zodziwika: ndalama ndi ndalama kasamalidwe ndalama.

mabungwe ngongole Non-gombe

Non-banki mabungwe ngongole - ndi malonda amene akhoza pamaziko a chilolezo kuchita zinazake ntchito kubanki. Mfundo ntchito yafupika ntchito Pamudzi, kuyambira nyumba amenewa ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zosakwana mabungwe banki ndalama. Zitsanzo za gulu la makampani monga:

• Insurance makampani. Mfundo ntchito yafupika opereka ngongole ntchito ndi makasitomala kuphimba ndalama zosayembekezereka, mndandanda chimene chinati mu mgwirizano. Kugula debentures izi makasitomala kulipira inshuwalansi umafunika. Kusiyana pakati pa chimaposa cha premiums inshuwalansi ndi malipiro ndi refunds insurer (ngati zidzachitika), komanso ndalama loyang'anira kampani akupanga phindu UK.
• ndalama penshioni pa nthawi inayake kusonkhanitsa ndalama kwa makasitomala, kulenga ndi wambirimbiri likulu ntchito. Pa kufika zaka zopuma pantchito ya ndalama anapeza kuti kasitomala amadalira ankamvetsa pamwezi. Mu nkhani iyi, woyankha amapereka chifukwa yosungirako munthu, amene yekha amasonyeza kuchuluka kwa zopereka, koma ufulu kuwagwiritsa ntchito mu zonse. Malipilo ndi kuchita masamu zochokera chilinganizo ochiritsira ndipo ali ndi nthawi malire. ndalama penshioni akhoza kugwira akhale ndi mabungwe chuma m'boma ku Russia, ndipo ngati kampani payekha malonda.
• Pawnshops akugwira ntchito m'munda wa zachuma munthu ndi kubala ang'onoang'ono ogula ngongole. ngongole ali Ndiyeno pa belo okha zodzikongoletsera zinthu zamtengo wapatali zinthu, zomwe zinachitikira sanali alipire ngongole lidzawotchedwa anagwira ndipo anagulitsidwa pa yobetcherana. Pamaso pa lotha wa mawu a ngongole ya pawnshop ali ndi ufulu kutaya chuma alonjeza, gulu ayenera kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha zinthu. Ndalama mu nkhani iyi si okhawo ndalama kuchokera zodzikongoletsera anagulitsa, komanso chidwi pa ngongole kwambiri, yemwe ndi kasitomala adzabwerera osati kuchuluka ngongole komanso kuchuluka amodzi.

mabungwe Investment

Investment ndalama bungwe - bungwe kuti imakhazikika kukopa ndalama za kafukufukuyu (ndalama). Msungidwe chinthu ndi masheya (m'matangadza, mgwirizano, zolemba promissory). mtengo siyana malingana ndi mmene zinthu ziliri msika. Zosiyanasiyana gulu la mabungwe:

• Osinthitsa ndi bongo - intermediaries mu wotuluka yogula ndi kugulitsa masheya, zikugwira ntchito yawo pa maziko a chilolezo.
• makampani Investment - kupanga mudzi womwe anthu kukhulupirira kampani awo kasamalidwe ndalama. mgwirizano amenewa chifukwa m'chuma cha ndalama ya ndalama munthu kumatithandiza zochepetsera chiopsezo kuti ziro.
• Investment thumba - mkhalapakati pakati pa wokongoza ndi wobwereka, kumasiyana ndi osintha ochiritsira kuti ikupereka nsinga yake, asonkhanitsidwa mu maofesi phunziro kwa wamba makampani ena. Revenue ku kugulitsa masheya ake ndalama ngalande kwa ogulidwa nsinga za mabungwe ena. Kusiyana kugulitsa ndi kugula Bank ku Central ndi thumba la ndalama, ndipo anapanga phindu pa mapeto a chaka ndalama mu mawonekedwe a benefiti anagawira anthu ake.
• Stock Kusinthanitsa - msika katundu, chimenenso, iwo ndi kubala ndipo amatipatsa zinthu zoletsedwa ndi magawo ndi zolemba promissory.

mabungwe ngongole

Mawu cooperatives ali pakati pa mabungwe ngongole sanali banki, koma chifukwa chakuti bungwe Sikuti kupeza phindu, izo akhoza zimachitika gulu osiyana. Mfundo ntchito zachokera ndalama mwagwirizana mamembala limati Union a.

A zosiyanasiyana mabungwe ngongole ndi mwagwirizana thumba, sipangakhalenso linakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu la anthu ndi mabungwe pa mbali chimodzi, monga malo. mabungwe ngongole, komanso mabanki malonda, ngongole pa chidwi ndi kutenga madipoziti mu mawonekedwe a madipoziti. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi misonkhano imeneyi amapatsa anthu okhawo mamembala a amandimvera, ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole mwapatsidwa ndi allocated pakati pa ophunzira mogwirizana ndi maganizo awo.

MFIs kukhazikitsa

The Great Depression, umene unachitika mu 30s Mu zaka zapitazo, kugwa kwa msika dera European chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, kulephera kwa mayiko ambiri pa muyeso wa golide, ambiri mavuto a m'dera lawo komanso padziko lonse nthawi pambuyo nkhondo anali prerequisites kwa chilengedwe cha dongosolo limodzi centralized wa ndalama lamulo ubale Interstate.

Choncho, mu 1944, chifukwa cha nkhani, amene anapezeka ndi mayiko 29, anaganiza kuti akonze dongosolo latsopano ndalama - bungwe la International Monetary Fund (MFIs). The Bank Mayiko kwa kumanganso ndiponso Development (IBRD) unakhazikitsidwa ngati thupi wamkulu.

Major mabungwe chuma cha dziko ndi

N'zoona kuti uziyenda ubale dziko ndalama ndi ndalama MFIs ndi World Bank sikokwanira. Mphamvu ya mgwirizano wa mayiko a zachuma amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe otsatirawa:

• The Development Association International (Ida), ngongole kwambiri m'mayiko pa mawu yabwino.
• Mayiko Finance Corporation - nchito payekha amathandiza mayiko.
• Mayiko Investment Wotsimikizira Agency - nthawi otaya ndalama m'mayiko osauka.
• Bank kwa mayiko midzi - bungwe ankayendetsa zachuma ndi achilendo kuwombola mayiko pakati pa magombe a pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Pamodzi ndi dziko lonse ndi mabungwe a zachuma padziko lonse ndipo dera:

• The kumanganso European ndi Bank Development - kwachititsa ndalama mu European Area Economic, komanso akuchita ntchito nkhani.
• ntchito banki m'dera European - European ndalama ammudzi.
• European Investment Bank.
• Asian Development Bank - amapereka ngongole zofewa kuti ku Asia.
• The Bank Development African.
• Yapakati-American Bank Development.
• The League of Arab States - amapereka ubwenzi ogwira zamalonda m'mayiko Arab.

chidule

Komanso atawalamula amalenga okwanira mu ogula malonda, kuli kuwombola ndalama komanso akunja ndi ubwenzi zachuma zinagwira zikamera wa mabungwe a zachuma, njira imene ikhoza kusintha kutengera limatchula za ntchito zawo. Ena mwa iwo ntchito yekha m'munda wa kukongoza payekha, pamene ena amapereka chithandizo kwa mabungwe alamulo ndi mabungwe a boma. Pankhaniyi, boma mabungwe ena azachuma, mlandu boma, ntchito mogwirizana kwambiri ndi mabizinesi malonda kukongoza.