Chibugariya Ufumu: mbiri ya yatsoka

Mu kum'mawa kwa Balkan Peninsula ndi ku Republic of Bulgaria, anakonza yaitali ndi zovuta m'njira chitukuko, imene magawo chitukuko ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha nthawi alternated la pansi. Education Chibugariya Ufumu ndi mbiri yake wotsatira anakhala mutu wa nkhaniyi.

Chilengedwe cha dziko loyamba ku Balkans

Magawo chachikulu cha mbiri ya ufumu Chibugariya zikhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu osiyana. Anthu oyambirira kuti azikakhala mbali yaikulu ya Balkan Peninsula m'chaka 681 BC. e., anakhala Bulgarians, wopangidwa mwa oimira mafuko Turkic, kuchokera IV m'ma kumene kuli Nyanja Black steppes mpaka m'tsinde mwa North Caucasus. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi ena Asilavo ndi mafuko Thracian. boma popangidwa ndi iwo anapita mu mbiri monga Choyamba Chibugariya Ufumu ndipo zinatha mpaka 1018, pamene anagwera pansi pa alimbane Ufumu wa Byzantine.

Nthawi ya chitukuko lake lalikulu akuti ndi ulamuliro wa Tsar Simeon Ine waukulu umene unakhalapo kuyambira 893 kwa chaka 927. Pamene likulu la Bulgaria Choyamba Ufumu, ndiye kuti zaka 893 mu mzinda wa Pliska, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Preslav, zinali osati malo aakulu malonda ndi ndale, komanso ankaimba udindo mlatho ogwirizana Anthu ambiri Asilavo.

The heyday wa Chibugariya Choyamba Ufumu

Mu ulamuliro wa Simeon Ine malire a boma lake chimakwirira ambiri Balkan Peninsula, kupereka mwayi kwa nyanja atatu - ndi Black, Aegean ndi Adriatic. Malinga ndi Byzantinist ano yaikulu - French katswiri chiyambi Greek Eleni Arveler - anali boma unkakhazikitsidwa m'gawo la akunjawo ndi, anali mu zaka Ufumu wa Byzantium.

Choyamba Chibugariya Ufumu kum'patsa kuyamikira mbadwa kuti kwakukulukulu chinathandiza maphunziro a chikunja mafuko Asilavo ndi Orthodoxy. Zinali pano pa ulamuliro wa achipembedzo Mfumu Boris I (852-889 gg.), Wotchuka kenako canonized, panali woyamba zilembo Asilavo, ndipo kumeneko anapita kulemba ku Eastern Europe.

Kugwa kwa boma pansi mavuto Byzantium

M'mbiri yonse ya Chibugariya Choyamba Ufumu anakhalabe mavuto a ndale pakati pa atsogoleri ake ndi mafumu a Byzantium, mbali ya m'gawo anali nkhondo proto-Bulgarians m'chaka 681. Nthawi zambiri unakula kumenyana ndi mfuti, ndipo nthawizina mu nkhondo yeniyeni. Pambuyo mndandanda wa mokwiya lotseguka anachita ndi mafumu Byzantine Nikiforom Fokoy, John Tzimiskes ndi Vasily III, ndi ufumu choyamba Chibugariya anagwa, sanathe kulimbana ndi mliri wa mnansi ochuluka kwambiri ndi amphamvu kwambiri.

Kuti anapulumuka zipilala chidwi kwa nthaŵi imeneyo, anasunga makamaka mitu iwiri limati wakale - Pliska ndi Preslav. The oyamba anali wotchuka chifukwa citadel ake - linga, amene anatsalira kuwerengedwa kwa zaka zingapo. Ngakhale lero mukuonera zotsalira za makoma mwala ozungulira iwo, makulidwe a amene anafika mpaka mamita awiri, ndipo ataliatali pamwamba pawo umaposa usanu.

Chitsitsimutso cha Chibugariya Ufumu

Kuti mudziwe mmene ndipo pamene panali chachiwiri Chibugariya ufumu, azambiriyakale pali lingaliro umodzimodzi. ulamuliro Byzantine mu Balkans inatha kugalukira kunabuka 1185 motsogozedwa Theodore-Peter ndi abale ake Assen ndi Kaloyan. Chifukwa cha statehood palokha, nachiritsidwa, atsogoleri a anthu opandukawo anapita mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la King Peter IV ndi wake Co-wolamulira Ivan Asen I. Adalenga Wachiwiri Chibugariya ufumu chinakhalapo mpaka 1422 ndi chimodzimodzi ngati poyamba, patapita kukana yaitali anakomoka pozunzidwa mwankhanza ndi Aisiraeli. nthawiyi kutha ufulu wa Ottoman.

Dziko mavuto

Mbiri ya ufumu Chibugariya nthawi imeneyi Kunasonyeza chiwonongeko mbiri anachitika anthu ambiri imeneyo - nkhondo ya woyendayendawu mafuko Mongol. tsokali zinagweradi dziko, pamene, pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu Peter IV ndi m'bale wake, izo zinali mu mphamvu ya olamulira ofooka ndi yawo, omwe adziononga wa chikoka mu Balkans. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi yaitali, Bulgaria anakakamizika kupereka msonkho kwa gulu.

vuto lake ndipo chofowoka akuoneka sanali wosakwiya mwayi pa oyandikana nawo, amene anagwira gawo madera kale za thupi ufumu Chibugariya. Choncho, Macedonia ndi Thrace North kachiwiri anasamukira ku Byzantium, pamene Belgrade anapambana Hungarians. Pang'onopang'ono otaika ndi Wallachia. State mpaka watwya mphamvu zake zakale, kuti pa nthawi ina mwana wa Chitata Khan Nagoya anali mfumu yake.

Mapeto a ufulu ndi chiyambi cha goli Turkey

Komabe, amachirikiza kugwa yomaliza ya boma kamodzi wamphamvu anakhala Ottoman Turkey, amene anayamba m'zaka XIV kuti anawazunza yowononga pa Balkan Peninsula, pamene wina umene unali likulu la ufumu Chibugariya anali agwidwa a nthawi imeneyo - mzinda Tyrnov, kwathunthu zapita m'manja mwa Aisiraeli mu 1393.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa ufumu Chibugariya anakhala pofuna zinalephereka kupanga mgwirizano ndi maiko oyandikana, ndi pangozi ya adani. Makamaka njira yogwira kukhala Turkey atamwalira mu 1371 ku Bulgaria Korol Ivan Alexander IV, amene anatha kukhala pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi iwo.

Zotsatira zake zinali zomvetsa chisoni: mndandanda wa kulephera, yomwe inayamba mu 1371 ndi kugonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Maritsa Mtsinje ndipo idatha chionetsero wopambana pa Balkan Peninsula wa Sultan Bayezid Ine, zinachititsa imfa ya boma Chibugariya za ufulu ndale mu nthawi zaka zisanu, akhala mbiri monga nthawi ya ulamuliro Turkey.

Pangani otsiriza Chibugariya ufumu

Ufumu wa Bulgaria unakhazikitsidwa mu 1908 chifukwa cha kulengeza ufulu wa boma ku wofooka kwambiri ndi nthawi ya Ottoman. Masuku pamutu mavutoyi, Bulgarians anakwanitsa kuponyera kumbali goli zaka mazana ambiri ndi kukhazikitsa wodziimira oyendetsera dziko mafumu, mutu wa adayima Korol Ferdinand I. Munthu zake woyamba mfundo anali kulanda ndi kukanirira ku Bulgaria Ufumu East Romania ndi ndigwira yoyenda yokha m'chigawo Turkey.

Dera la Bulgaria lasintha kwambiri pa awiri Balkan nkhondo anatsatira mmodzi pa nthawi kuchokera 1912 mpaka 1913. Chifukwa, yoyamba Ferdinand ndinkamuuza kuti achire ndi angagwirizanitse kwa gawo lalikulu la dziko la Thrace, komanso kupereka kubwereketsa ku Nyanja Aegean. Mu bwino chachiwiri asilikali wasintha Bulgarians, ndipo ena mwa madera kale wotanganidwa ndi kulamulira awo.

Pa First World nkhondo, Bulgaria anali pakati pa mayiko a Entente, chotero yodetsa yekha ukupereka zofuna za dziko Asilavo. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chokhumba cha Ferdinand Ine, ntchito mgwirizano ndi Germany, Austria-Hungary ndi mdani wake posachedwapa - Turkey, zaikidwa boma kotero ankasirira dziko lawo Macedonia. Komabe, ulendo uno inatha pa nkhondo lankhondo la Bulgaria ndipo abdication anakakamizika.

nawo dzikoli mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndipo mapeto a Mafumu

World nkhondo II Bulgaria anayamba ndi makonzedwe zaufulu za m'gawo lake mwamantha asilikali a ku Germany. Pambuyo inalowa ake kwa mgwirizano lankhondo la Germany, Italy ndi Japan. Chifukwa cha olowa ntchito nkhondo ndi mayiko awa Bulgaria wogwidwa ndithu Aegean gombe, lomwe mbali ina ya m'dera la Western Thrace ndi Vardar Macedonia.

Mu mbiri ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World chakhala manyazi tsamba mantha, ukugwira kwa fuko, unwrapped asilikali Chibugariya utakhala m'tauni Greek wa Drama, ambiri amene anthu anali Turkey alendo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu 1941 pa malire a magulu Bulgaria a otchuka kukana anali wotakataka, amene anathira nkhondo a Nazi. okonza ndi atsogoleri awo anali mamembala, amene anali pamenepo mu mobisa wa Chibugariya Party Communist. Ndi zochita zawo, iwo apanga chopereka kwambiri kwa chifooke mphamvu za ulamuliro wa Hitler.

A Chilengezo mwamwambo chabe nkhondo, boma la Bulgaria ndi Soviet Union kusala Nkhondo sanatenge. Ngakhale pamene, mu September 1944, Stalin kulengeza nkhondo pa iwo, si chifukwa cha khamu Chibugariya, omwe analipo nthawi imeneyo anthu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni ndi kukana yogwira. Kunabuka oyambirira September odana lopondereza kugalukira, unakonzedwa ndi "Dziko Lathu Front" anathetsa ulamuliro wa boma ovomereza-German, ndi chifukwa kuti boma latsopano analengeza inalowa la Bulgaria kwa odana ndi Hitler mgwirizano.

The ufumu mu Bulgaria unatha September 8, 1946. Mwabata ndipo popanda kumva ululu uliwonse anagwetsa mabwalo amene amachoka mu referendum kwa ambiri.