Free alimi - osankhidwa mwapadera mu Russia

Russia m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anali kuthetsa nkhani ziwiri zofunika chinsinsi. Iwo akhala pa uchimo kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma ndi nkhawa serfdom ndi autocracy.

Zochita za tsar Russian

Alexander I anayamba angapo akuyesetsa kuti mwanjira kuthetsa wamba funso anakhala apakhungu. Izi, kumene, ikukhudzana kwenikweni malamulo mu 1801 ndi 1803 a. Woyamba zathandiza kuti alimi Russian pa ndime ndi zigawo zina kugula m'dziko lawo, tikatero tikuwononga okhawo amene analipo a otchuka mu malo a chuma. The chachiwiri, amene anapita mu mbiri monga "Watsimikiza alimi ufulu", cholinga chake chinali kudziwa kuti a Kumasuka kapena kusiya alimi ndi dziko. Recent motero anali kupereka landlords chiwombolo pang'onopang'ono, potero apeze chuma cha wina ndi gawo.

Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti lamuloli angathe kugwiritsa mayunitsi ochepa. Choncho pa muyeso uyu sanali bwanji kwambiri kugwira ntchito dongosolo serfdom.

M'zaka za ulamuliro wa Alexander Woyamba zosiyanasiyana options akhala akufuna kuti yankho la mafunso ichi makamaka zovuta koma mwachangu. Ntchito yomasulira wamba ndipo ankapereka Mordvinov Arakcheyev, Guriev ndi Kankrin.

funso m'mphawi

Ngakhale kuti kuyambira 1801, anthuŵa, amalonda ndi anthu wamba boma analoledwa kugula kapena kugulitsa dziko lopanda anthu, za mmene zinthu ziliri mu Russia anali oyaka ndithu. Chaka chilichonse anachita kukula. serf A anakhala sakhala ogwira. Ndiponso, izi chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba a chikwiyire kung'ung'udza osati ndi iwo eni. Anali osakhutira ndi oimira magulu ena. Komabe kupasula serfdom , boma tsarist koma sanayese n'komwe: anthu otchuka, chuma cha kukhala ndi mwayi, ankaona thandizo lalikulu la mfumu, m'mbali samagwirizana ndi kusintha choncho. Choncho, mfumu kunyengerera kuyendetsa pakati chilakolako cha osankhika ndi zosowa za chuma.

Chaka 1803: "Watsimikiza pa alimi ufulu"

Iye anali wofunika kwambiri maganizo kwambiri kwa Russia. Pajatu ali woyamba mu mbiri anali ovomerezeka ndi mwayi kumasula wamba, pamodzi ndi nthaka paikidwa Kubwezerana dipo. Zimenezi zinali mbali yaikulu ya kusintha 1861 chaka wotsatira. Anatengera mu February 1803 makumi awiri "lamulo pa alimi ufulu" anapereka mwayi alimi kumasula payekha ndi lonse midzi onse, ndi dziko kuvomerezedwa gawo. Pakuti chifuniro chawo, iwo anayenera kupereka dipo kapena kugwira ntchito. Ngati udindo alimi si anakumana, chabwezedwa kwa mwinimunda wa. Maphunziro amene analandira Choncho dzina lake ufulu. Komabe, mbiri ya anabwera bwanji ufulu alimi. Popeza 1848, iwo anayamba kufuulira wamba boma. Ndipo iwo akhala waukulu galimoto kumulimbikitsa chitukuko cha malo poyera ndi chuma cha Siberia.

Kukhazikitsa lamulo la moyo

Pofika m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi pamaziko a chilamulo ichi m'ndendemo pafupifupi handiredi ndi fifite zikwi wamba-amuna. Pankhaniyi, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za "Watsimikiza alimi ufulu" kuti opareshoni mu Russia kwa theka la atumwi, anali ochepa.

Agwera kalasi yapadera, "alimi ufulu" tsopano mwalandira ndipo akhoza kutaya m'dziko lawo. Iwo ankanyamula maudindo basi kuti athandize boma Russian. Komabe, malingana ndi kuwerengera, mu ulamuliro onse wa Alexander mu kumaliseche awo zapita zosakwana hafu peresenti ya chiwerengero cha serfs.

Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 1804 mpaka 1805 m'chigawo cha Baltic wamba dvorohozyaevam ngakhale kupatsidwa ufulu, koma ankawapatsa ziwembu za zigawo inatera, iwo anali kubala mlandu: ndipo serfdom, ndi rents. Komanso, alimi ufulu si kuti sangakhudzidwe ndi asilikali a.

prerequisites

Kuwonjezera zifukwa pamwamba, kuti kope lina la "Watsimikiza alimi ufulu" anali chochitika achindunji kwambiri. Werengerani Sergei Rumyantsev, ankadziwika kuti maganizo ake kwakukulu, iye akufuna kumasula ena serfs awo, pamodzi ndi dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anaika patsogolo chikhalidwe chimene anthu wamba anali kulipira malo awo. Ndi woterowo pempho Chiwerengero Rumyantsev akatulukire kwa mfumu, kuti iye analola kuti iye koletsedwa ndikupeleka.

choncho anakhala mupeze Alexander anaperekeranji Watsimikiza wathuwu, kenako mu Russia ndi ufulu alimi.

zinthu lamulo

Chilamulo cha mfundo khumi tapangidwa, chimene:

1. Mwenechiroache mundu akhoza enfranchise osawuka awo ndi dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anali naye kukambirana ndi chotchinga chake pa zikhalidwe za chiwombolo ndi udindo wake ankaimbidwa.
2. Zitsimikizo padziko limene kukonza, dzanja, munaupereka kwa anthu.
3. Ngati mlimi sachita izo, iye ndi banja lake anali kubwerera ku dziko poyerekezera ndi mwininyumba lapansi.
4. serfs anamasulidwa anali kutchedwa ufulu.
5. Free alimi ndi ufulu wopita ku kalasi osiyanasiyana: kukhala osema kapena anthu amalonda, etc ...
6. Kodi mtima ndi boma wamba anali kulamulidwa msonkho kwa boma. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anali kuchita kuloŵa usilikali.
7. Woweruza wa alimi ayenera pa bungwe mofanana wamba boma.
8. Mtima serfs amene mwakwaniritsa ntchito zawo kuti landlords, momasuka kutaya wambiri dziko lawo. Iwo zosamukira moyo m'madera ena, pasadakhale zindikirani kuti Exchequer.
9. Free alimi analandira boma bwino.
10. Ngati mlimi dziko, kapena adayikidwapo, ndiye anapempha mwiniwake woyamba anatenga pa ngongole ku chilolezo ngongole.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mwininyumba sitingakhoze kutenga mwayi kupeza lamanja, kotero lamulo anali chenjezo yekha mu chikhalidwe ndi sikowumiriza.