Kupuma ena zamoyo

Dziko zamoyo omwe alipo dziko lathuli, ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Ena a iwo akupezeka yekha m'malo amadzimadzi, gawo lina la moyo ndinazolowera madzi, ndi ena - pa dziko. Ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa zamoyo ndinazolowera malo awo. ziwalo kupuma nyama zosiyana ndi mtundu ndi kapangidwe zimadalira osati kumene iwo amakhala, komanso pa Mmene thupi chipangizo.

Nyama ambiri kumodzi ndi wosazindikira - sanakwatire tating'ono, monga, Mwachitsanzo, amoeba, ciliate-nsapato, sporozoans. kachitidwe kawo kupuma si anapanga. Iwo kupuma mpweya umene uli kusungunuka mu madzi. Ndiyeno, alowa m'thupi kudzera pamwamba pa thupi kudzera osmosis.

Mu coelenterates (thonje, hydra, modabwitsa, ngale), amene ali nyama multicellular, mpweya komanso kumachitika mwa pamwamba thupi. Izi zikusonyeza wosazindikira makhalidwe coelenterates dongosolo.

Ambiri parasitic mphutsi kupuma khungu, ndiye, mpweya likulowerera kudzera pakhungu, koma madzi annelids pali ziwalo wapadera wa kupuma - makutu. The makutu mtima dorsal cirrus kapena parapodium. nyongolotsi Parasitic (flukes, kuzungulira) sali kupuma, anaerobic awo kupuma.

Ndi mtundu wa arthropods monga ambiri zamoyo kuti amakhala m'mabanja onse, choncho dongosolo kupuma kuti zosiyanasiyana. Mu arthropods lapadziko (akangaude, zinkhanira, tizilombo) , ndi Special ziwalo kupuma - matumba m'mapapo, trachea, mapapo.

Zinkhanira ndi akangaude wosazindikira mpweya pa ndalama za sacs m'mapapo. kuzama lino la zinthu zonse m'mimba, amene anadzazidwa ndi hemolymph ndipo ali ambiri tsamba mbale. Kufyola mu za mbale izi mpweya kuwombola zikachitika, mpweya akulowa thumba mwa spiracles m'mapapo mwanga, amene ali pa pamimba. akangaude ambiri nthawi imodzi ndipo mapapo ndi trachea.

Trachea - chubu woonda, ozama thupi lonse la nyama. Kudzera mabowo atsegulidwa trachea kunja, ndi gawo loyamba pamimba. Mapapo ndi dongosolo wosazindikira, choncho bwino ndinazolowera ndi trachea kupuma mumlengalenga oxygen.

ziwalo kupuma tizilombo - ziri komanso trachea, kusinthitsa thupi lonse. Amaoneka kuti nthambi, enveloping ziwalo za nyama. Tracheal kumapeto kwambiri woonda machubu - tracheoles kuti kudutsa mu maselo. tizilombo tracheal akamakambirana momasuka chilengedwe, koma pa zolinga zawo ali ndi zida reflex kudzera amene zomvetsa madzi ndi kuchepetsedwa pamene tizilombo ndege.

Arthropods zomwe padziko madzi (nsomba zazinkhanira, nkhanu, daphnia, horseshoe nkhanu) kupuma kudzera makutu dermal. makutu Awa pa nthambi nyama, ndipo ali ambiri mbale woonda, imene mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. Pa dziko nyama akadali moyo, bola ngati mbale izi wasambitsa ndi madzi.

nkhono kupuma kungakhale makutu ndi mapapo. Kupuma zosavuta dziko kapena madzi oyera gastropods. Chobvala M'mimbamo wa nkhono m'kati kusanduka wakhala mosavuta. Kuwala uku ali dzenje kupuma amene chikugwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndipo akhoza kutseka.

Madzi oyera gastropods kupuma mpweya mumlengalenga, chifukwa inhalation adzawuka pamwamba. Mpanda wa Mitsempha kuluka kuli m'mapapo, kuyambira pano magazi limayenda ndi mpweya adzamasulidwa ndi mpweya. Ngale kupuma ntchito makutu. Makutu mbale gululi okutidwa ndi epithelium ciliated. Kudzera m'ntchito ya cilia wa epithelium ciliated chikuchitika mu madzi polowera chovala patsekeke. madzi Izi zikutibweretsa mpweya, amene oxidized mu makutu a. Popeza mpweya ndi zakudya zimalowa thupi, mankhwala kuwonongeka, pamodzi ndi mpweya woipa ndi linanena bungwe kupyolera kupopa chovala patsekeke.