Mitundu ya isomerism ya organic substances

Isomerism ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha mankhwala, chifukwa zimadalira momwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zimayendera. Mitundu ya isomerism, komanso chidziwitso cha kapangidwe ka zinthu, akuphunzira lero.

Isomerism ndi isomerization: ndi chiyani?

Musanayambe kuganizira mitundu ikuluikulu ya isomerism, m'pofunika kudziwa chomwe mawuwo akutanthauza. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti isomerism ndi chodabwitsa pamene mankhwala amtundu (kapena isomers) amasiyana mofanana ndi makonzedwe a ma atomu, koma nthawi yomweyo amadziwika mofanana ndi maselo ambiri.

Ndipotu mawu oti "isomerization" amapezeka mu sayansi osati kale kwambiri. Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo zinazindikiranso kuti zinthu zina zomwe zili ndi maselo ofanana ndi maselo amodzi omwe amasiyana ndi ma atomu.

Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kutchula mphesa ndi amtengo wapatali. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zokambirana zinayambira pakati pa asayansi Yu, Liebich ndi F. Weller. Pakafukufuku ambiri, zinatsimikiziridwa kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya AgCNO-agglomerate ndi silver cyanic, yomwe, ngakhale zofanana, zimakhala ndi katundu wosiyana. Kale mu 1830, lingaliro la isomerization linayambika mu sayansi.

Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha ntchito ya A. Butlerov ndi J. Vant-Hoff, zochitika zapakati ndi zomangamanga zinafotokozedwa.

Isomerization ndiyomwe imayankha, pamene kusintha kwa machitidwe kumayambitsana. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kutenga zinthu kuchokera ku alkanes angapo. Mitundu ya alkane isomerism imathandiza kuti zinthu zisinthe mu isoalkanes. Kotero, mu mafakitale, mafuta octane amawonjezeka. Tiyenera kutchula kuti katundu wotere ndi ofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha malonda.

Mitundu ya isomerism imagawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu.

Zomangamanga zachilengedwe ndi mitundu yake

Chikhalidwe chachilengedwe ndi chodabwitsa chomwe zimayambira pakati pawo ndi mankhwala. Pali mitundu yambiri yosiyana

1. Isomerism ya carbon skeleton. Fomu iyi ndizofanana ndi ma carboni ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo osiyana a maatomu a mpweya.

2. Isomerism ndi udindo wa gulu logwira ntchito. Chodabwitsa ichi chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana a gulu logwira ntchito kapena magulu mu molekyulu. Zitsanzo ndi 4-chlorobutane ndi 2-chlorobutanoic asidi.

3. Isomerism ya maubwenzi angapo. Mwachidziwikire, mitundu yambiri ya alkene isomerism ikhoza kuikidwa pano. Ma isomers amasiyana mofanana ndi mgwirizano wa unsaturated.

4. Isomerism ya gulu logwira ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, chiwerengero chonse cha mankhwalawa chimatsalira, koma katundu ndi khalidwe la gulu lokha limasintha. Zitsanzo ndi dimethyl ether ndi ethanol.

Mitundu ya malo a isomerism

Stereoisomerism (malo) akugwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yosiyana ya mamolekyulu a dongosolo lomwelo.

1. Optical isomerism (enantiomerism). Fomu iyi ikugwirizana ndi kusinthasintha kwa magulu ogwira ntchito pafupi ndi mgwirizano wosagwirizana. Nthaŵi zambiri, mankhwalawa ali ndi atomu ya carbon, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinayi m'malo mwake. Motero, ndege yopanga kuwala imazungulira . Chotsatira chake, chomwe chimatchedwa magalasi antipodes ndi isomers amapangidwa. N'zosangalatsa kuti mapetowa ali ndi zofanana.

2. Diastereometry. Liwu limeneli limatanthauzira kuti malo amtunduwu ndi ausomerism, chifukwa cha ma antipodes omwe sapangidwa.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kupezeka kwa isomers kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha maubwenzi a kaboni. Pakapita nthawi, mpweyawu umakhala wotalika kwambiri.