China, njanji. Mapiri othamanga kwambiri komanso okwera mapiri ku China

Kuyankhulana kwa sitima ku China ndi imodzi mwa njira zoyendetsa zoyendetsa magalimoto pafupi ndi kutalika kwake. Njira zothandizira njirayi ndizofunika kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri. Zinatenga zaka zambiri ndi ndalama kuti zimangidwe ndikuzikonza. Sitima ya ku China ili ndi mauthenga ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, North Korea.

Mbiri ya njanji

M'nthaŵi zosiyanasiyana za mbiri yakale, kumanga njanji ku China kunkachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mu 1876, choyika choyamba chinayikidwa, chomwe chinagwirizana ndi Shanghai ndi Usun.

Mu 1881, adasankha kumanga msewu wa makilomita khumi kuchokera ku Ziytan Shanquan kupita ku Suigye. Kuyambira mu 1876 mpaka 1911, dziko linamanga misewu, kutalika kwake komwe kunali 9,100 km. Mu 1912, maganizo oyambirira omanga njanji anaperekedwa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1949, kutalika kwa nsaluyi kunkafika pa 26,200 km.

Ku Old China, zomangamanga zinkachitika pang'onopang'ono, m'zinthu zing'onozing'ono komanso zochepa. Nsaluzi zinkaikidwa makamaka pamphepete mwa nyanja. Kum'mwera chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikoli kunalibe njanji. Misewuyi inagawanika kukhala magawo ndipo ikulamulidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana.

Pansi pa China China, Utumiki wa Sitima unayambira, ku Dipatimenti ya Utumiki komwe njanji zonse za njanji zinadutsa. Pulogalamu komanso zomangamanga zinakhazikitsidwa. China inali ikukula, sitimayo inakula mu 1996, ndipo kutalika kwake kunafikira 64,900 km. Kumanga sitima zapamtunda ndi kubwezeretsa sitimayi, kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi a dizilo, magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto, magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto.

Pofika chaka cha 2013, kutalika kwa sitimayi kunali 103,144 km. Chifukwa cha kusintha, mphamvu ndi liwiro la sitima zawonjezeka. Kuchuluka kwa katundu ndi magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto akuwonjezeka, ndipo kuchulukanso kwa sitima yapamsewu kwawonjezeka.

Pofika m'chaka cha 2020, boma likukonzekera kumanga makilomita 120,000 pamtunda. Sitimayi yochokera ku China ikukumangidwira ku Khabarovsk. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, polojekiti ikukonzedwa yomwe idzagwirizanitsa zitsulo za Chinese South-Sinkiang ndi Kyrgyzstan.

Ndondomeko ya njanji

Tsopano zipangizo zoyendetsa sitimayi za China ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zothandiza kwambiri. Kutalika kwa misewu m'dziko muno lero ndiposa 110,000 km. Kumvetsera kwambiri kumapangidwe ka sitima zapamtunda m'madera a m'mphepete ndi kumadzulo, mpaka kumadera akumidzi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku China sichigawanika, ndipo sitima za ku China zili ndi mphamvu zambiri kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa dzikoli. Kuphatikizira gawo lonse la Republic, misewu yambiri ikukambidwa, makina atsopano akuyambitsidwa.

Chiwerengero cha sitima

Ku China, nambala ya sitima imasonyezedwa ndi kalata yaikulu ndi manambala. Kalata imasonyeza gulu la sitima. Kufulumira, utumiki, chiwerengero cha kuima kumakhudza gulu la sitima.

• Sitimayi ya mtundu wa "G" ndi yapamwamba kwambiri, imatha kufika msinkhu wa 350 km / h.
• Mtundu wa galimoto "D" - wothamanga kwambiri, liwiro lake ndiloposa 200 km / ora, panjira imangokhala pa malo akuluakulu. Sitimayi imaphatikizapo magalimoto a koyamba, kalasi yachiwiri, pali berths.
• Mtundu wa galimoto "Z" - ukukwera popanda kuima, liwiro likukula 160 km / h, limaima pa malo akuluakulu. Monga lamulo, uwu ndi sitima ya usiku, imapangidwa ndi mipando yosungiramo ndi kupatulira.
• Mtundu wa galimoto "T" - kufotokozera, liwiro lake limakwana 140 km / h, limayima mumzinda waukulu ndi malo oyendetsa galimoto. Mu sitimayo, magalimoto ndi malo osungira, malo ogona ndi chipinda.
• Mtundu wa tchire "K" - umapanga liwiro la 120 km / h, umayima mumzinda waukulu komanso m'midzi. Mmenemo pali magalimoto osungirako ndi mipando yosungirako.
• Treni popanda kalata - Palibe Chofunika, ndizo za sitima zakale zomwe zimakhala zotsika kwambiri.

Maphunziro mu sitima

Amagalimoto mu sitima za Chitchaina angagawidwe mu mitundu iwiri (kalasi).

• Kugona kofewa - gawo ili ndiwiri kapena 4.
• Chipinda chogona ndi chipinda chokhala ndi sitafuti.
• Kukhala pansi.
• Okhala mwakhama.

Mu sitima za mtundu wa "D" pali lingaliro lakuti "mpando wa woyamba ndi wachiwiri", kusiyana kwawo kuli ndi chitonthozo cha mipando.

Sitima zapamwamba kwambiri

China, kuti tipitirizebe kukula, ndikofunikira kuti tisamuke mwamsanga komanso mosavuta. Pochita izi, boma la dziko likuchita zonse zomwe zingatheke. Imodzi mwazinthu zowonongeka kwambiri ku China ndikumanga makina oyendetsa njanji. Lili ndi malo ambiri, limaphatikiza gawo lalikulu la dziko ndipo ndi limodzi la anthu omwe ali olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Komanso, ntchito yomanga mizere imeneyi inali Olympic mu 2007.

Kawirikawiri, sitima zapamwamba kwambiri ku China zimamangidwa mopitirira malire - ziri ndi mawonekedwe a milatho ndi kutalika kwa makilomita mazana. Liwiro la sitimayi ndilozungulira 200 km / h. Kutalika kwa misewu yotereyi ku PRC kumapeto kwa 2013 kunali 15,400 km. Pa sitimayi pali zigawo pamene liwiro lalikulu la sitima likhoza kufika 350 km / h.

Ku China, pali zigawo zotsatirazi:

• Zachibadwa (100-120 km / h).
• Kuthamanga kwapakatikati (120-160 km / h).
• Kuthamanga kwambiri (160-200 km / ora).
• Kuthamanga kwambiri (200-400 km / h).
• Ultra-high-speed (zopitirira 400 km / h).

Misewu yapamwamba-mapiri

M'chaka cha 1984, sitima yapamtunda ku China inayamba kumangidwa. Choyamba, malo osavuta anapangidwa, ndipo mu 2001 anayamba kukhala ndi gawo lovuta. M'chaka cha 2006, sitima yapamwamba kwambiri pamapiri padziko lapansi inatsegulidwa - Qinghai-Tibet. Zimagwirizanitsa China ndi Tibet, kutalika kwake ndi 1956 km. Mbali imodzi ya msewu wamtunda wa 1,142 km imadutsa m'mapiri. Pafupifupi 550 km pamsewu wa njanji amaikidwa pamalo okwera a tundra, malo okwera kwambiri a msewu ndi 5072 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.

Oyenda paulendowu sagwidwa ndi zizindikiro za matenda a m'mapiri, monga magalimoto osayendetsedwa, ndipo mpweya uli m'galimoto umapindula ndi mpweya, pamakhala chitetezo ku dzuwa.

M'mphepete mwa mapiri a tundra, sitimayo imayenda mofulumira makilomita 100 / h, njira yonse yomwe sitima imayenda mofulumira 120 km / h.

Sitimayi yochokera ku China kupita ku Tibet imayankhulana bwino pakati pa mayiko. Kuwala ndi kupezeka kwadzidzidzi kunapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala otchuka kwambiri m'mayikowa, komanso kwa alendo.

Sitimayi pa chilumba cha Hainan

Sitima zapamwamba za ku China zimapangidwa osati kuzilumba zokha, komanso pazilumbazi. Zochititsa chidwi ndi zomangamanga zokha pa chilumba cha Hainan. Sitima pamtunda uwu ndi mphete yomwe imakhala yogawanika kumadzulo ndi kumadzulo. Kutalika kwa mphete ndi 308 km. Ntchito yomanga kumadzulo kwa chilumbacho inachitika panthaŵi yovuta ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Iyo inamangidwa mu mbali. Pomalizira, ntchitoyi inatha pokhapokha ndi 2004. M'chaka cha 2006-2007, idakalipo masiku ano, ndipo tsopano imatumizira sitima pamtunda wa 120-160 km / h. Mu 2007, kugwirizana kwa sitima ya chilumbachi ndi mainland kudzera m'ngalawa zikuwonekera.

Kumangidwa kwa mzere kumbali ya kummawa kwa chilumbachi kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2007, kunatha mu 2010, ndipo mu chaka chomwecho gawo lachiwiri la mphete linayamba kugwira ntchito.

Zizindikiro za Sitima zapamtunda za China

Ku China kuli boma lapadera lololedwa ku pulatifomu. Mukhoza kupita ku sitima pokhapokha pokhapokha mutaperekedwe. Kumalo osungiramo zinthu, omwe amadutsa popanda kuima, mungathe kuwona ogwira ntchito pa siteshoniyo.

Ku China, kulumikizana kofooka kwa mayiko ena oyandikana nawo. Ngakhale kuti pali njira yopangira njira ndi ntchito, sitima ya ku China imatsekedwa, ndipo malire amayenera kudutsa.

Kugula tikiti ya sitima imakhalanso ndi zizindikiro zake. Ma matikiti onse ku China amagulitsidwa kokha ndi kupezeka kwa malemba. Mlendo wa dzikoli angagule tikiti pa ofesi ya tikiti. Pamene kugula kupyolera mu makina kumafuna khadi la ID ID.

Pali pafupifupi kayendedwe kanyumba kanyumba kanyumba.

Sitima zapamtunda m'mizinda

Malo osungirako sitima za ku China ali ndi zomangamanga komanso amodzimodzi. Zokhazokha zokhazo ndi apuloni akale m'matauni ang'onoang'ono kapena mizinda yomwe ili ndi mbiri yakale.

Malo atsopano amamangidwira kunja kwa midzi. Sitima zamakono zimachokera pakati, nyumba zakale zawonongedwa kapena zikukonzedwanso. Zitsulo zachi China zimatha kufanana ndi ndege - zimakhala zazikulu, zogwira ntchito zogwirira ntchito komanso zimakhala ndi magulu ambiri.

Ku China, n'zosatheka kupita ku siteshoni popanda tikiti, koma kumalo ena ochepa kwambiri. Koma m'malo okalamba pa nsanja mukhoza kupita musanafike, chifukwa pa ofesi ya tikiti muyenera kugula tikiti yapadera. Iye amapereka ufulu kukhala pa nsanja, koma osati kukwera sitima.

Russia-China

Misewu yopita ku China ikugwirizana ndi Russia. Mu 1897 ntchito yomanga Sino-Eastern Railway (KVZhD), yomwe ili nthambi ya kum'mwera ya Trans-Siberian Railway, inayamba. Pakati pa 1917 ndi 1950, chifukwa cha zankhondo ndi ndale, zidasamutsidwa ku China ndipo zinasiya kukhalako. Zinachitika mu 1952. M'malo mwake, Chinese Changchun Railway inkaonekera pa mapu a dziko lapansi.

Posachedwapa, sitima ya ku Russia ndi ku Russia idzatchuka kwambiri. Pulojekiti ikupangidwira pa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka Euro-Asia, yomwe ingagwirizane ndi Beijing ndi Moscow. Misewu idzadutsa kudera la Kazakhstan, nthawi yoyenda pa iwo idzatenga masiku awiri.