Alexander Radishchev - wolemba, ndakatulo: yonena, zilandiridwenso

Alexander Radishchev moyo yochepa moyo - anabadwa mu 1749 (August 31), ndipo anafa 1802 (September 12). Iye anali mwana woyamba m'banja wolemera mfulu - agogo ake Athanasius Prokopievich anali mwinimunda lalikulu.

wokondwa ubwana

zaka zoyambilira anali mu malo atate wake m'mudzi Nemtsov zokhudza m'chigawo Borovsky County Kaluga. Banjali linali ogwirizana, makolo - anthu ophunzira kwambiri. Atate, amene amalankhula zilankhulo zambiri, kuphatikizapo Latin, iye anali pa chibwenzi ndi mwana wake. Mnyamata ankakonda kwambiri mayi ake. Monga chinamasulidwa mu mabanja mfulu, iye anaphunzitsidwa kunyumba - ana anaphunzira Chirasha mabuku mapemphero - Masalmo ndi Bukhu la Maola, kuphunzira zilankhulo, makamaka French, anaitanidwa anamkungwi. Little Alexander si mwayi - mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi mphunzitsi wa Chifulenchi kuti iwo anali kulemba asilikali amathawathawa.

Ndizosowa maphunziro abwino

Mu 1955 anatsegula Moscow University, ndi Alexander Radishchev anatumizidwa ku Moscow, kwa amalume mbadwa mayi Bambo Argamakovu mlongo wake wotanganidwa pamene malo Director (1955 -1957 zaka). Ndipo anapereka ufulu kwa ana Argomakovyh ndi Sasha Radishchev kunyumba yodziŵa motsogoleredwa ndi aphunzitsi ndi aphunzitsi a zolimbitsa thupi pa yunivesite. Pa zaka 13, dzina lake Aleksandr Radischev anapatsidwa masamba mu chitunda mfumu mu 1762, Catherine II, nayitana maphunziro patsogolo mu Corps a Masamba - pa nthawi imeneyo zapamwamba kwambiri yophunzitsa bungwe la Russian Ufumu, kumene anaphunzitsidwa ku 1762 kuti zaka 1766.

zaka yunivesite

Iye anali wolemera, anali mbadwa ya banja wakale mfulu, ndipo Chofunika, bwino m'kalasi ndipo anali wakhama kwambiri. Choncho, pamene Catherine anaganiza kutumiza kunja gulu la anthu olemekezeka ana a anthu 12, amene anali 6 masamba, ndi oyamba pa mndandanda anali Alexander Radishchev. Mu Leipzig, iye anapita kukaphunzira mwalamulo. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa sayansi kuvomerezedwa ndi kuphunzira mozama za zinenero ophunzira kuti aonane ndi Komanso ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi. A. N. Radischev makalasi owonjezera anasankha mankhwala ndi zimapangidwira, amene, monga mwa chinenero, anapambana kwambiri. zaka zisanu anakhala mu Leipzig, anadzazidwa ndi maphunziro, chotero A. N. Radischev anakhala mmodzi wa amuna ambiri ophunzira a yake, osati Russia. Kumeneko, kunja, anayamba kulemba. Chidwi zaka zinandipangitsa ubwenzi ndi Ushakov, amene anali okulirapo pang'ono, wanzeru, wophunzira Alexander ndi imfa ya ena. Akuwakumbukira Radischev dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich analemba chidutswa amene otchedwa "Moyo wa Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova."

Zaka za moyo wake mu Russia atabwerera

Atabwerera mu 1771 A. N. Radischev ndi bwenzi lake Mikhail Kutuzov analowa utumiki ku St. Petersburg Senate, kumene zalephera kwa nthawi yaitali pa zifukwa zingapo. Ochokera m'mayiko Radishchev anabwerera freethinker. Mu 1773 analowa mlangizi wa zamalamulo ku likulu la gulu Chifinishi ili Saint Petersburg, kumene anapuma mu 1775. Iyo inali nthawi Pugachev moipitsa ndi yimitsira ake. M'zaka zimenezi, Radischev dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich anachita Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo "M'mbuyo pa mbiri Greek," Bonnot de A Mably. Iwo radishchev pang'onopang'ono kukhala mmodzi wa anthu ambiri odzipereka ndi kupata amene amaona waukulu zoipa Russian autocracy ndi serfdom. Akapuma A. N. Radischev anakwatira mlongo wa mnzanga amene anaphunzira Leipzig. Mu 1777 analowa St. Petersburg Customs komwe anakagwira ntchito mpaka 1790 ndipo dosluzhivaetsya ku malo wotsogolera ake. Apo iye anayamba kucheza ndi Chiwerengero A. R. Vorontsovym, amene amathandiza Russian nzeru zapamwamba ndi woganiza ngakhale ku Siberia.

Waukulu mankhwala a moyo

Ngakhale mu 1771, tinaona kuwala kwa ndime yoyamba ya ntchito yaikulu, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi Alexander Radishchev. "Ulendo ku St. Petersburg ku Moscow" chaputala munthu zinasindikizidwa mu St. Petersburg "zojambulajambula" magazini. Mu 80-90s wa XVIII atumwi ku Europe panali yaikulu kwambiri chikhalidwe kulimbikitsa, zisinthe, woyamba mu United States, ndiye mu France anatsatira akutiakuti. Masuku pamutu nyengo yabwino kwa Kukwezeleza maganizo a ufulu, Radishchev akuyamba pa nyumba kusindikiza kunyumba (panopa Marata Street), ndipo mu May 1790 masitampu 650 mabuku. "Kalata Bwenzi" Poyamba, njira yomweyo linasindikizidwa. Amene si bwino ndi mawu oti "Inde, ndi woukira woipa kuposa Pugachev!" Analankhula ndi Catherine II mutawerenga chidutswa. Monga chotsatira cha izo, A. N. Radischev anamangidwa Petro ndi Paulo linga, ndi chilango cha imfa. Pamenepo "wachisomo" Mfumukazi alowa m'malo 10 chaka ku Siberia, ndi kulandidwa kwa mutu wa otchuka, malamulo onse, ndi regalia boma.

Bukhu la The Uzani-nthano

Books manyazi wolemba awonongedwe. Koma makope chikalata Radishchev, mwamsanga agulitsa, kotero makope ambiri anali nawo analola A. S. Pushkinu kunena zoona: "Radishchev - mdani wa ukapolo - anathawa kufufuza". Ndipo mwina, akulu Russian ndakatulo ankanena chakuti m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu, m'mene adapeza mu bukhu, ndinaganiza kuti ndi kofunikira kuti mzindawo limatchula midzi ili pamodzi njira. Ngakhale kuti anapulumuka 70 mndandanda amenewa. Ndiye A. S. Suvorinym mu 1888 analandira chilolezo makope 100 a buku lino, amati okha connoisseurs ndi okonda mabuku Russian. kotero anakwiya buku ŵakusanga Mfumukazi ndi chiyani? Buku limafotokoza tinkadziwa serfdom, moyo amazipanga zovuta osauka, kuwonjezera bukuli ndipo muli chidzudzulo mwachindunji tsarism. Chabwino olembedwa, wodzala ndi ndemanga zoseketsa caustic, ndipo sasiya aliyense osayanjanitsika. Amaphatikiza "Liberty" ndi "Mawu za Lomonosov". Inde, izo sizinali mpaka autocracy izi exposures amenewa.

Incorrigible swinger

Radishchev, amene ntchito, ndakatulo, nthanthi Mfundo, odes, kuphatikizapo "Liberty" Kuyambira pamenepo zopsereza ndi nthaka pepala mphero, atakhala m'ndende Ilim. Koma apa iye anapatsidwa ndi Chiwerengero Vorontsov anaphunzira moyo wa anthu zamakolo za anthu a Siberia, ndi zamalonda mu kumpoto kwa dziko lalikulu ndi kuthekera kwa malonda ndi China. Iye anali kuno, ngakhale wosangalatsa wake. M'ndende kwalembedwa kwambiri zodabwitsa, ndipo iye (ndipo iye anali wamasiye) anadza kwa mlongo apongozi ake, kuti wosangalala kusungulumwa ukapolo wake. Amene anakwera wachifumu wa Paulo, amene ankadana mayi ake, ndinabwerera manyazi nzeru zapamwamba, koma wopanda ufulu kutuluka ku chisa banja Nemtsov. Alexander I osati anapereka A. N. Radischevu ufulu wonse, komanso anamuitana kuti ntchito drafting ya malamulo ku Commission.

Kudzipha kapena amapha inattention

Link sanasinthe malingaliro wolemba ndi kutenga mbali mu drafting ya malamulo, Alexander Radishchev, yonena mwadzaza athamangadi-ins ndi mphamvu kuti, iye walemba "owolowa manja ulozhenija ntchito." Iwo anafotokoza maganizo ofanana onse pamaso pa lamulo, za kufunika kwa ufulu wa kulankhula ndi atolankhani, ndi ena "ufulu kuganiza" kuti zinamukwiyitsa Purezidenti wa Commission Werengerani P. V. Zavadskogo kuti anamuopseza woyambitsa ukapolo wina ku Siberia. Kaya kudzudzula anali achipongwe, kapena misempha woganiza potsiriza anagonja ndi thanzi kwambiri amene anali kusweka, kaya ndi chinachake choipa kwambiri wakhala ali mu ukapolo, koma A. N. Radischev kunyumba, iye anali poizoni kutenga poizoni. wachisoni kwambiri nkhani. Komabe, pali buku lina lomwe limasonyeza linga la munthu wamkulu yake, mzimu - sanali adzipha ndipo mosazindikira kumwa kukhadzikika, ataima pamaso kapu ya mowa wamphamvu. Ndipo izo zinali "Aqua regia" kumapha anthu, yophika ndi kumanzere kwa mwana wamkulu wa wolemba kubwezeretsedwa kwa epaulettes akale. wachisoni kwambiri nkhani.

A zabwino ndi lalikulu munthu

M'zochita zake, A. N. Radischev anali kudera nkhawa zinthu ndi maphunziro. Iye ankaona anayambitsa mwambo Russian chosintha ndi aesthetics, komanso pedagogy. Pamodzi ndi kufufuza kwambiri, Mfundo nzeru zaumunthu, kuopseza anawakalipira tsarism ndi serfdom Radishchev, amene ndakatulo ndi odzala ndi chikondi kwa anthu ndi chirengedwe, ndi analemba nyimbo ana, anachita ndakatulo zoseketsa, miyambi, anatulukira masewera osiyanasiyana ndi mpikisano.

Kuti, munthu wokondedwa moyo, koma akufuna kuti chilungamo kwa anthu onse amene sanali ulemu serfdom anthu ku Russia. Kwambiri nkhani A. N. Radischeve analemba A. S. Pushkin.