Ndi riyakitala nyukiliya Kodi

Mawu "riyakitala nyukiliya" tsopano bwino kwa onse, inde, kukhala chizindikiro cha nthawi imeneyo. Ngakhale ngozi yomwe ntchito zipangizo zimenezi, kuwala kwa zikutha m'mayiko mafuta dziko nkhokwe mathanki mafuta nyukiliya ndi zingamuthandize kwambiri.

A riyakitala nyukiliya ndi zomangamanga chipangizo, imene anachita ukulamulidwa fission wa fissile zinthu nyukiliya, limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu. Cholinga - m'badwo wa magetsi (mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera - NPP), ndi kuzindikira zinthu fissile waukulu tebulo zodziwitsa (kutembenuka). Woyamba riyakitala nyukiliya anali atasonkhana ndi kuika kugwira ntchito mu 1942 mu United States moyang'aniridwa wa sayansi lopambana nthawi yake - Enrique Fermi. Patatha zaka zitatu riyakitala ake anapezerapo Canada, ndipo mu 1946 - Russian.

Tingaonenso ina yofunika: anthu ambiri sadziwa nkhaniyi, nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti riyakitala nyukiliya amapanga magetsi mwachindunji, ndipo chochokera kwa nyukiliya mafuta fissile. Mwatsoka, ili si choncho. Kwenikweni, ndi riyakitala nyukiliya ndi chotenthetsera chachikulu, ngati si "reboiler" kuwadziwitsa kutentha sing'anga kuti amachita ntchito zothandiza ndi kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa jenereta ochiritsira.

Kuti tiyankhe mafunso ambiri, ganizirani nyukiliya riyakitala unit. Amapanga, aliyense riyakitala nyukiliya zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:

- chapakati yogwira zone ndi kudya nyutironi mtsogoleri. Pamenepa ndi pamene fission anachita;

- wosanjikiza kuwalitsa neutrons. M'pofunika kuchepetsa malowedwe a ionizing dzuwa, komanso kusintha Mwachangu unsembe;

- cheza chitetezo. Monga ulamuliro, kutsogolera zishango;

- coolant. Onse zitsanzo atsopano a mathanki ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri;

- ndodo ulamuliro chipangizo mtima kuwola pa zimene;

- yozizira dera;

- limagwirira cha mphamvu ya kutali.

Ntchito ya nyukiliya boilers ntchito zitsulo - ureniamu-233, 235 kapena nyukiliyazo basi-239. Katundu wa zinthu izi ndi kuti aliyense unit wa nthawi mu dongosolo lawo atomiki amaloŵamo mowiriza kuwonongeka (akuwaza). Mu ndondomeko imeneyi, mtima wa ma atomu anamasulidwa neutrons. Atomu anataya (kuthi) nyutironi ali n'kukhala mbali inanso ya tebulo nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mtundu wa ureniamu-nyukiliyazo basi-238 zakonzedwa 239. Kukwapula pa maatomu moyandikana wa mafuta chuma ndi chifukwa liwilo kumasulidwa neutrons wake zina. Total ukuwonjezeka mu kupitirira - zimayambitsa unyolo zimene fission. Ngati panthawi imeneyi osati kuchitapo kanthu pa lamulo ake, chifukwa ndi kusalankhula unyolo nyukiliya anachita, limodzi ndi chigumukire kumasulidwa ndalama yaikulu kwambiri mphamvu (bomba la nyukiliya).

Kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito awiri njira kumangako - kuyambitsa ku pakati ndi mtsogoleri amene amachepetsa nyutironi kudziletsa amatithandiza liwiro pokonza ndi kulowa chiwerengero anakhumba ndodo ulamuliro (cadmium kapena boron) kungolandira neutrons owonjezera.

Mu oipa a mtima amapanga kutentha, amene likamatenthetsa ndi kufalitsidwa kutentha kutengerapo madzimadzi (madzi), izo n'kukhala nthunzi imazungulira ndi chopangira mphamvu ndi jenereta ya magetsi.

Izi chiwembu zofunika. Pali mitundu ingapo ya izo. Mwachitsanzo, madzi coolant kungakhale achilengedwe kapena otentha opanikizika. Yotsirizira limachititsa kupeza koopsa nthunzi, kuchuluka kwa dzuwa. Komanso, madzi - osati mtundu okha wa coolant (angakhale mafuta kapena zitsulo madzi). Komanso, m'mabaibulo ena mathanki wamtundu uliwonse si ntchito.