Chipinda cha dipatimenti "Gymnosperms": zizindikiro, zida zomangamanga, zitsanzo

Zomera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe, monga momwe zimatha kupangira zithunzi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chomera chochokera ku carbon dioxide, madzi ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa zimalandira zakudya zokha komanso zimatulutsa oksijeni m'mlengalenga. Choncho, chifukwa cha zomera pa dziko lapansi kuti pangakhale nyama ndipo ife tiri ndi inu.

Mitundu ya zomera

Ufumu wonse wa zomera umagawidwa mu magawo khumi:

• Brown zofiirira.
• Green algae.
• Blue-green algae.
• Algae wofiira.
• Mafilimu a mphutsi.
• Makhalidwe a Fern.
• Ndodo.
• Chimake chooneka.
• Angiosperms.
• Ma Gymnosperms.

Pakati pa zomera izi, malingana ndi zovuta za mawonekedwe, magulu awiri akhoza kusiyanitsa:

• Pansi;
• Pamwamba.

M'munsimu malo onsewa ali, chifukwa alibe kusiyana kwa maselo. Thupi liribe ziwalo. Amatchedwa thallus.

Mitengo yapamwamba, malingana ndi njira yoberekera, ingagawidwe mu:

• Spore;
• Seminal.

Zitsamba zimaphatikizapo zoboola zaferi, zoboola zamtundu, zamtundu, mahatchi.

Mbewu ndi madokotala gymnosperms ndi angiosperms.

Tidzakambirana zambiri za ma gymnosperms m'nkhaniyi.

Chizindikiro cha gymnosperms

Misonkho yotsatila yomwe ikupezeka kumadera onse a ufumu wa "Chipinda" ndi kalasi. Ma Gymnosperms adagawidwa m'magulu anayi:

1. Gnetovye.
2. Ginkgoed.
3. Cycadic (Cycadal).
4. Coniferous.

Tidzakambirana za oimira ndi zochitika za m'kalasi iliyonse. Ndipo tsopano zomwe zimachitika pa gymnosperms zonse, zamoyo zawo ndi biology zidzafufuzidwa.

Gymnosperms: Mapangidwe a chomera

Dipatimentiyi ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti thupi lawo liri ndi ziwalo zomwe zimamangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda.

Mitundu ya ma gymnosperms

Malingana ndi malo a ziwalo, zikhoza kugawikidwa pansi ndi pansi. Poganizira ntchito zawo ndi zomangamanga, zamasamba komanso zowonjezera ziwalo zimatha kusiyanitsa.

Ziwalo zamasamba: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Gulu ili la ziwalo limaphatikizapo mizu ya pansi pa nthaka ndi mphukira pansi.

Mizu imakhala ndi mizu ya mizu, pakati pa mizu yambiri ndi yambiri yomwe imatha kusinthana. Komanso, chomeracho chingakhale ndi mizu yowonjezera.

Muzu uli ndi ntchito zotere:

• Kulimbitsa mbewu m'nthaka.
• Kusamwa madzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga.
• Kutumiza madzi ndi mchere kunasungunulidwa mmenemo ndi ziwalo za padziko lapansi.
• Nthawi zina - kusungirako zakudya.

Kuthawa ndi dongosolo la ziwalo. Amakhala ndi tsinde, masamba ndi impso.

Ntchito za ziwalo zosatha:

• Tsinde: ntchito zothandizira ndi zonyamula katundu, kupereka chingwe pakati pa mizu ndi masamba.
• Masamba: photosynthesis, kupuma, kusinthanitsa gasi, malamulo otentha.
• Impso: kuchokera kwa iwo mphukira zatsopano zimapangidwa.

Ma gymnosperms ndi angiosperms ali ndi ziwalo zofanana zamasamba, koma ziwalo zawo zobereka zimasiyana.

Ziwalo zobereka za gymnosperms

Ziwalo zobereka ndizo zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti thupi limatulutsa. Mu angiosperms ndi maluwa. Koma zomera za dipatimentiyi "Gymnosperms" ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi ziwalo zoberekera monga cones. Zitsanzo zomveka bwino ndizopiritsi ndi pine cones.

Mangani kondomu

Ndiwombera yosinthidwa, yokhala ndi mamba. Pali zibambo zamphongo zamwamuna ndi zazimayi zomwe maselo amphongo amphongo ndi abambo amapanga, motero.

Mbalame yamphongo yamphongo ndi yaikazi monga chitsanzo ikhoza kuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi pansipa.

Pali oimira ma gymnosperms, omwe zomera zonse zamwamuna ndi zazimayi zili pa chomera chomwecho. Iwo amatchedwa monoecious. Palinso dioecious gymnosperms. Iwo ali ndi cones yamphongo ndi yaakazi ali mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, zomera za dipatimenti ya "Gymnosperms" makamaka ndi monoecious.

Pa mlingo wa kondomu ya akazi pali ma ovules awiri, omwe amamera a getet anapangidwa - oocytes.

Pa mlingo wa ziwalo za amuna ndizo mapepala a mungu. Amapanga mungu, womwe uli ndi maselo amuna.

Tikayang'ana kale momwe mapangidwe a gymnosperms amathandizira, tiyeni tiyankhule za kubereka kwawo.

Mmene mtengo wa pine umakula kuchokera ku pine cone

Kuberekera kwa gymnosperms kumapezeka ndi chithandizo cha mbewu. Iwo, mosiyana ndi mbewu za maluwa, sakuzunguliridwa ndi zipatso.

Kuberekera gymnosperms kumayamba ndi chakuti zomera mu nthawi inayake ya impso amapangidwa kusintha mphukira - amuna ndi akazi cones. Kuwonjezera apo amapanga mungu ndi ovules, motero.

Kusungunuka kwa cones yazimayi kumachitika ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mphepo.

Pambuyo pa umuna wa ovules, omwe ali pa mamba a michere yazimayi, mbewu zimakula. Mwa awa, ndiye oimira atsopano a gymnosperms amapangidwa.

Kodi ziwalo ndi ziwalo ziti?

Zomera za dipatimenti ya "Gymnosperms", monga zonse zapamwamba, zimakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo:

• Zojambulazo. Ziphuphuzi zimapanga chitetezo. Iwo amagawidwa mu epidermis, ndowe ndi kutumphuka. Epidermis ili ndi mbali zonse za zomera. Zimayambitsa kusinthanitsa mafuta. Komanso, ikhoza kuphimbidwa ndi sera yowonjezera ya sera. Nkhumba imapangidwa pa thunthu, mizu, nthambi ndi miyeso ya impso. Nkhumba ndi minofu yophimba, yomwe ili ndi maselo akufa ali ndi zibulu zolimba. Zili ndi maziko a gymnosperms.
• Mankhwala. Nsalu iyi imapereka mphamvu ya tsinde. Igawanika mu collenchyma ndi sclerenchyma. Yoyamba imayimilidwa ndi maselo amoyo omwe ali ndi michere yowonongeka. Sclerenchyma imakhalanso ndi maselo akufa omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zolimba. Zida zamagetsi ndi mbali ya zida zopangira ma gymnosperms.
• Nsalu yaikulu. Ndicho maziko a ziwalo zonse. Mtundu wofunika kwambiri wa minofu ndizofanana. Amapanga maziko a masamba. M'maselo a minofuyi muli chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma chloroplasts. Pano, photosynthesis ikuchitika. Komanso mu ziwalo za gymnosperms pali mitundu yambiri ya minofu monga kusungirako. Ikusunga zakudya, ma resin, ndi zina zotero.
• Mankhwala othandiza. Igawidwa mu xylem ndi phloem. Xylem imatchedwanso mtengo, ndipo phloem imatchedwa bast. Iwo ali mu thunthu ndi nthambi za chomera. Xylem wa ma gymnosperms ali ndi zombo. Amapereka madzi ndi zinthu zosungunuka mmenemo kuchokera muzu mpaka masamba. Phloem ya gymnosperms imayimilidwa ndi timipira za sieve. Lub ndi cholinga chotsitsira zinthu kuchokera masamba kupita kuzu.
• Nsalu za maphunziro. Mwa izi, minofu yonse ya gymnosperms imapangidwa, kuchokera pamene ziwalo zonse zimamangidwanso. Iwo amagawidwa kukhala apical, oyang'anizana ndi osakanikirana. The apical ali pamwamba pamwamba pa mphukira, komanso pa nsonga ya muzu. Zomwe zimaphunzitsidwa pambuyo pake zimatchedwanso cambium. Ali mu thunthu la mtengo pakati pa nkhuni ndi bast. Nsalu zophunzitsidwa zowonjezera zili pansi pa internodes. Palinso ziphuphu zamaphunziro zomwe zimapezeka pa malo ovulala.

Choncho tinaphunzira mmene gymnosperms imakhalira. Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire patsogolo kwa oimira awo.

Ma Gymnosperms: zitsanzo

Pamene tidziwa kale momwe zomera za deta lino zakonzedweratu, tiyeni tiwone kusiyana kwawo. Kenaka, oimira magulu osiyanasiyana omwe ali m'gulu la "Gymnosperms" adzafotokozedwa.

Kalasi "Gnetovye"

Zomera za Dipatimenti ya "Gymnosperms" ya gulu la "Gnetovye" iligawidwa m'mabanja atatu

1. Banja "Velvichievye."
2. Banja "Gnetovye".
3. Banja "Chyvoynikovye".

Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa oyimira owala kwambiri a magulu atatu a zomera.

Kotero, Velvichia ndi zodabwitsa. Ameneyo ndiye yekha amene amaimira banja la Velvichians. Gymnosperm iyi imakula mu chipululu cha Namib, komanso m'mapululu ena a South-West Africa. Chomeracho chili ndi thunthu lalifupi koma lakuda. Kutalika kwake kukufika mamita 0,5, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafikira 1.2 mamita. Popeza mtundu uwu umakhala m'chipululu, uli ndi muzu waukulu wautali umene umapita mamita atatu. Masamba omwe amakula kuchokera ku mbiya ya Velvichie ndi chozizwitsa chenichenicho. Mosiyana ndi masamba a zomera zina pa Padziko lapansi, sizimagwa. Iwo amakula nthawi zonse m'munsi, koma nthawi zonse amafa pamapeto. Zosinthidwa nthawi zonse motere, masambawa amakhala ngati Velvichia (omwe amadziwika kuti akhalapo zaka zoposa 2,000).

Banja la yolk lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 40. Izi makamaka zitsamba, liana, nthawi zambiri - mitengo. Zimamera m'mapiri otentha a Asia, Oceania, Central Africa. Mtundu wake wa ambulera amafanana ndi angiosperms zambiri . Zitsanzo za oimira banja lino ndi melinjo, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum ribbed, ndi zina zotero.

Banja la conifer likuphatikizapo mitundu 67 ya zomera. Malingana ndi mawonekedwe a moyo, ndi zitsamba ndi semishrubs. Amakula ku Asia, Mediterranean ndi South America. Oimira a banja lino ali ndi masamba owopsa. Zitsanzo za ma conifers ndi American apdra, concha horsetail, coniferous coniferous, zobiriwira zobiriwira, ndi zina zotero.

Kalasi "Ginkgo"

Gululi limaphatikizapo banja limodzi. Yemwe akuyimira banja lino ndi ginkgo bilobate. Ndi mtengo wamtali (mpaka mamita 30) ndi masamba akulu ofanana. Ndi chomera chodabwitsa chimene chinawoneka pa Earth 125 miliyoni zaka zapitazo! Zosamba za Ginkgo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opatsirana matenda, kuphatikizapo atherosclerosis.

Kalasi "Cycas"

Awa ndi magymnosperms. Zitsanzo za zomera za m'kalasiyi ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya Rumphal, drooping cad, msilikali wa Touard, ndi zina zotero. Onse amatchula banja lomwelo - "Cyclonic".

Amakula ku Asia, Indonesia, Australia, Oceania, Madagascar.

Mitengo iyi ikuwoneka ngati kanjedza. Kutalika kwawo kukuchokera mamita awiri mpaka 15. Thunthu kawirikawiri ndi lalifupi ndi lalifupi, poyerekeza ndi makulidwe. Choncho, chiwerengero cha makasitomalachi chikufika 100 cm, pamene kutalika kwake ndi 300 cm.

Mipingo "Conifers"

Mwinamwake ndi kalasi yotchuka kwambiri ya chomera cha gymnosperm. Iye ndi wochuluka kwambiri.

Kalasiyi ili ndi dongosolo lomwelo - "Pine". Poyambirira pa Dziko lapansi, panali malamulo ena atatu a conifer, koma oimira awo anali atatha.

Lamulo lomwe tatchula pamwambapa liri ndi mabanja asanu ndi awiri:

1. Mipikisano.
2. Yew.
3. Ssidopitisovye.
4. Podokarpovye.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Cypress.

Banja la capercaallosis liri ndi oimira 20. Izi ndi zitsamba zosakera ndi mitengo. Zisoti zimayendetsedwa mozimu. Kuchokera pamutu wodula, iwo amasiyana chifukwa timadontho tawo timatenga nthawi yaitali kuti tiphuke, komanso amakhala ndi mbewu zazikulu.

Banja la yew limaphatikizapo mitundu 30 ya zitsamba ndi mitengo. Zomera zonse za banja lino ndi dioecious. Zitsanzo za oimira a banja lino akhoza kuonedwa Pacific yew, Florida, Canada, Europe yew, ndi zina zotero.

Banja la cispidopitides likuphatikizapo mitengo yobiriwira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitengo yokongola.

Zitsanzo za oimira banja la Podokarpov ndi dacridium, phylloclus, podkarp, ndi zina zotero. Zimakula m'malo ozizira: ku New Zealand ndi ku New Caledonia.

Banja la Araucariae liri ndi mitundu pafupifupi 40. Oimira a banja lino adalipo pa dziko lapansi kale pa nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous. Zitsanzo zingathe kuonedwa kuti ndikum'mwera kwa agate, agamis dammara, Araucaria wa Brazil, Araucaria wa Chi Chile, vollemia yabwino, ndi zina zotero.

Banja la pine liri ndi mitengo yotchuka monga spruce, pine, mkungudza, larch, tsug, fir, etc. Zomera zonse za banja lino zimakula ku Northern Hemisphere mu nyengo yozizira. Mitundu ya gymnosperm ya banja ili nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu wamankhwala ndi mafakitale ena chifukwa cha resin ndi mafuta ofunikira.