Chithunzi cha Peter 1. Nikitin, chithunzi cha Peter 1. Chiyambi chithunzi cha Peter 1

Umunthu wa Petro 1 kumanja ndi imodzi mwa malo lalikulu m'mbiri ya boma Russian. Ndipo izo sizinali kuti munthu uyu anakhazikitsa Ufumu monga, koma kuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Petro Russian anali vekitala zatsopano chitukuko. Written zikwi mabuku mbiri ndi mbiri, kulenga chithunzi cha Peter 1, koma zikufotokoza zochita za munthu uyu, olemba mbiri, asayansi sangathe lero. Ena mwa iwo deify woyamba Russian mfumu, polongosola zaluso dziko la anthu ndi mfundo yachilendo. Ena M'malo mwake, kuyesera kumuwonetsa iye wolamulira wankhanza ndi despot, kunena za nkhanza zimabwezera nkhanza kwa anthu ake. Koma chithunzi cha Peter 1 chithunzi chomwe chili m'munsimu, chosonyeza munthu chimalimbikitsa ndi ophunzira.

Anadzudzula mfumu yoyamba ndi zaluso kudwala-ankaona umalimbana, molingana ndi azambiriyakale, kuthetsa onse Russian, m'malo zake Western. Komabe, iwo onse ndithudi kugwirizana pa chinthu chimodzi: zinali maganizo, chosaiwalika ndi chithunzi kwambiri mu mbiri ya boma Russian.

Musaweruze, kuti inu asadzaweruzidwe

Ngati ife mosamala chithunzi mbiri ya Peter 1, analengedwa ndi olemba ntchito ambiri, tingathe mapeto losavuta: ngati abwino zikuluzikulu akhoza musaweruzidwe limodzi sidedly. delimitation okhwima mtundu "wakuda ndi woyera" apa n'zosayenera. Kuwonjezera kutsutsa kapena, Tikawonetsetsa matamando ndi zofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino malamulo ndi miyambo ndiye alipo. Ndipo zimene zikuwoneka pa nthawi zakutchire ndi mantha kuti m'nthawi yathu, kunali kofala wamba zigawo zosiyana za anthu a Russia chiyambi cha m'ma XVIII.

Chithunzi cha Petra Velikogo sangathe ntchito masiku ano abwino. Chotero njira adzakhala "lathyathyathya" maganizo. Iye kupweteka ziyenera amaona zenizeni mbiri ya boma Muscovite, ndiyeno Russian Ufumu wa atumwi XVIII.

Choncho, inu muyenera kuti ndimayesetsa kuganizira bwinobwino pa ndale yonena za woyamba Russian mfumu ndi onse amene anali kugwirizana ndi izo. Ndipotu anthu amenewa amakonda kusiya chizindikiro awo osati ndale ndi dongosolo la ndale.

Education - maziko adzadziwire tsogolo

Petr Alekseevich Romanov anabadwa pa May 30, 1672. Komanso ana onse a mfumu, mfumu tsogolo yekha kunyumba ophunzira. Ndipo tiyenera kuvomereza kuti, ngakhale ndi mfundo lero, zinali zabwino ndithu. Odwazika anasonyeza mnyamata propensity kwambiri zilankhulo ndi sayansi. M'mawu ena, mfumu kuyambira ali m'tsogolo anali ophatikizana zolinga anthu ndi luso. Ngakhale zokonda iye akadali anapereka sayansi yeniyeni.

Mwana wamng'ono wa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ndi Natalia Naryshkin, pang'ono Peter, anakula modziwika agile ndi amphamvu mwana. Kuwonjezera Ambiri Amakonda wake sayansi, iye mosangalala anakwera pa mipanda, nkhondo anzawo mfulu ya bwalo lamkati ndipo anachita pranks zina khalidwe la m'badwo uno.

Ufiti - ntchito yogwiritsa woyenera mafumu

Anadabwa wapadera wa zonse, popanda yekha, biographers nthawizonse zakhala kumulakalaka mwana wa mfumu zamanja ogwira ntchito wamba, amene aonetsa chidwi ngakhale ali mwana. Palibe chithunzi mbiri ya Peter 1 chokwanira popanda kufotokoza mmene iye akanakhoza maola kuonera ntchito ya lathe kapena zosangalatsa kupuma mpweya otentha yachifumu safanana.

The chidwi cha mwana wa mfumu sanasangalale nazo. osema apadera allocated, amene anayamba kuphunzitsa ndizosowa Petro zamanja Chophweka: kutembenukira malonda ndi kulipira. M'pofunika kuganizira kuti sanapite likuvutika pachimake maphunziro ndandanda wa wolowa wamng'ono. Enieni sayansi, kuphunzira zilankhulo, chikhazikitso cha sayansi asilikali sichinayambe zimafika. Kuyambira ali wakhanda, mfumu tsogolo analandira Multilaterial ndi khalidwe maphunziro (zomwe olemba mbiri ena Western kuti kunyumba wophunzitsidwa Russia mu zaka ankasiyana sidedness ndi kupanda Luso).

Komabe, "simpleton" wa mfumu kuti wosayesedwa, kuonera monga wojambula analemba chithunzi cha Antropov Peter 1: achifumu regalia, kaimidwe ndi maso kulankhula kwa mwamuna wamkulu ndi wamphamvu. Ndipo ngakhale pa nthawi chithunzi cha mfumu wafa kwa zaka pafupifupi 50, wolemba ali akuonetsedwa izo odalirika kwambiri.

Coronation ndi kugwirizana

Chithunzi andale a Peter 1 ayenera kuyamba kulemba kuyambira 1682. Pambuyo pa imfa ya wopanda mwana Tsar Feodor Alekseevich wamng'ono Romanov anakwezedwa wachifumu. Komabe, anyalanyaza m'bale wake wamkulu Ivan, kuposa sanalephere amapondereza Miloslavskys chipani (achibale mlongo wamkulu Petra - Sofia) kwa gulu la zokhumba yachifumu. Miloslavsky bwino ntchito ndi chisangalalo Royal, ndi chifukwa cha Naryshkin mtundu, amene anali mayi wa Petro, anali inawonongedwa. "Mkulu 'Mfumu anaikidwa Ivan ndi Sophia anakhala regent-wolamulira.

Streletsky kupanduka ndi kupha zenizeni nkhanza kwambiri kwambiri bwanji makhalidwe a Peter Wamkulu. Akatswiri ambiri kusonkhana ndi zochitika aŵa, osati nthawi zonse moyenera, mfumu amachita.

Sophia, kukhala mbuye yekha wa dziko, pafupifupi ukapolo mfumu Chiwalitsiro kakang'ono - yaing'ono wakunja kwatawuni munda patrimony. N'kumene Peter anasonkhana Youngs wolemekezeka pafupi chilengedwe, analenga wotchuka "maalumali zoseketsa." maphunziro asilikali anali fomu iyi, apolisi ndi asilikali a nkhondo ndi kumvera chilangochi. Peter, ndithudi, anali wamkulu. Pakuti zosangalatsa za mfumu wachinyamata anamanga "zoseketsa linga", umene honing wake "luso nkhondowo", anadzasokoneza asilikali zoseketsa. Komabe, anthu ochepa ndiye ankadziwa kuti mwanayu kusewera anyamata kuthamanga ndi mfuti matabwa ndi malupanga, chiyambi cha alonda wotchuka ndi oopsa Petro.

Palibe chithunzi cha Peter 1 chokwanira popanda kutchula Aleksandra Menshikova. Iwo anakumana mu malo omwewo, mu Chiwalitsiro. Mwana wa mkwati mu zaka anakhala kudzanja lamanja la mfumu ndi munthu wamphamvu kwambiri mu ufumuwo.

zokhumba Miloslavskys

Zofooka ndi soreness za "wamkulu" Tsar Ivan ndi regent Sophia zonse amakakamizidwa kuti aganizire autocracy zonse mu dziko. Atazunguliridwa ndi olemekezeka a Miloslavskys amphamvu mtundu, ntongi akhali chidaliro kuti adzatha kutenga mphamvu. Komabe, pa njira mpando wachifumu anali Peter. Iye anadzozedwa ndi Mulungu ndi woyenera kukhala mfumu.

Mu August 1689, Sofia anaganiza chiwembu d'etat, cholinga chimene chinali kuthetsa Peter n'kulanda mpando wachifumu. Komabe, anthu okhulupirika anachenjeza mfumu wamng'ono, ndipo iye anali kuchoka Chiwalitsiro, zobisika mu Utatu-Sergio obisika. Agulupa anali sanasankhe mwangozi. makoma wandiweyani, ngalande ndi ngalande anali ndi chotchinga lalikulu kwa kokayenda Streltsov Sofi. Anamenya pa malamulo onse a sayansi usilikali pa Sophia analibe nthawi kapena njira. Komanso, lamulo osankhika mbali musketeer moona chete, osadziwa chimene mbali kusankha.

Amene anali kusankha kuti mupewe mu Utatu-Sergio? Izi silitchula chithunzi aliyense wa m'mbiri ya Peter 1. Mwachidule, malo awa kunapezeka kuti chakupha kuti Sofia ndi wabwino kwambiri kwa mfumu. Olemekezeka anathandiza Peter. Nkhondowo asilikali lolemera apakavalo ndi oyenda "zoseketsa" ndi musketeers woona atazunguliridwa Moscow. Sophia anatsutsika ku ndende obisika, ndipo anzake onse Miloslavskys Fuko ananyongedwa kapena ukapolo.

Atamwalira Tsar Ivan Peter anakhala mwini yekha wa mpando Moscow. Mwinamwake anafotokoza zinthu chimamulimbikitsa kuti ziŵalo kwambiri njira yonse Russian wa moyo. Inde, oimira "masiku abwino akale" mu nkhope ya oponya mivi ndi Miloslavskys amangofuna thupi kuchotsa mfumu wamng'ono, anamuuza ndi mantha chikumbumtima kuti, monga m'nthawi ankanena kuti kujambula chithunzi maganizo a Peter 1, zinaonetsera pa nkhope n'kuyamba akusamba pafupifupi mpaka imfa yake. Ngakhale amisiri mutazindikira ndi recreate ndi champhamvu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo wotopa nkhope ya mfumu. Wojambula Nikitin, Chithunzi cha Peter 1, chimene chiri zodabwitsa mu kuphweka wake ndi kusowa zinthu lachifumu, monga anapatsa amphamvu wofuna ndi amphamvu koma kwambiri oona mtima munthu. Komabe, otsutsa timakonda "kuchotsa" ulemerero wa Nikitin potchula zachilendo chiyambi cha m'ma zojambula kalembedwe.

Zenera Europe - German mumzinda

Against maziko a zimenezi ngati chilakolako ndithu mfumu wamng'ono zonse European. N'kosatheka kuona udindo wa Kukui - German Colony, amene anakonda kukaona Mfumu. The Germany waubwenzi ndi njira zawo bwino za moyo looneka mosiyana ndi zimene iye anaona Peter mu mpumulo wa Moscow chomwecho. Koma, ndithudi, osati m'nyumba zaukhondo. Mfumu anadzazidwa ndi njira ya moyo wa chidutswa ka Europe.

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ulendo Kukui gawo anapanga chithunzi mbiri ya Peter 1. Mwachidule, tsogolo maganizo ovomereza-Western. Tisaiwale za chibwenzi, zavedonnyh mfumu zamalowo German. Kumeneko anakumana ndi msilikali wina wopuma pantchito wa Swiss Frantsem Lefortom, amene anakhala zoyambitsa nkhondo mlangizi, ndi wokongola Anna Mons - tsogolo ankakonda mfumu yoyamba. Anthu awiriwa anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri Russian.

Access kunyanja - ntchito njira

Peter ndi chidwi ndi zombo za. Mwapadera ganyu ambuye Dutch ndi English kumuphunzitsa zidule ndi zidule za sitima nyumbayi. Kenako, pamene mbendera Russian adzapita mnogopushechnye Nkhondo ndi frigates, Peter si kamodzi kapena kawiri zinthu zopindulitsa kwa mokoma shipbuilding. Onse zopindika ndipo ukwati kumangako, iye kumatanthauza yekha. Nzosadabwitsa iye ankatchedwa Mfumu kalipentala. 1 Petulo akanatha kupanga chombo ku uta kumbuyo ndi manja ake.

Komabe, nthawi ya unyamata wake Muscovy anali kuchoka imodzi yokha nyanja - mu mzinda wa Arkhangelsk. zombo za ku Ulaya, kumene anapita ku doko, koma mwachirengedwe malowo kunali Kalanga kwambiri chifukwa limasonyeza lalikulu malonda (chifukwa wautali ndi mtengo katundu kutumiza ku Russia). Mfundo imeneyi inali kuyendera, ndithudi, osati Poroshenko. Pakuti mwayi kwa nyanja ndi akalambula ake achita nkhondo, makamaka anavutika.

Peter anaganiza kupitiriza ntchito imene Azov. Makamaka chimene chinayamba mu 1686 anapitiriza nkhondo ndi Turkey. Ankhondo, zomwe anaphunzitsa m'njira European, anali kale zedi mphamvu. yokopa angapo a asilikali waperekedwa kwa mzinda wa Azov nyanja. Koma lolimba opambana. Komabe, chigonjetso anadza pa mtengo. A yaing'ono, koma anamanga nthawi ndi zamakono zomangamanga linga anapha anthu ambiri Russian.

Ngakhale mfundo za adani a Azov mu Europe kunaoneka amantha kwambiri (chifukwa cha imfa chiŵerengero) anali woyamba weniweni njira kupambana kwa mfumu wamng'ono. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - Russia potsiriza ankalowa nyanja.

Great kumpoto nkhondo

Ngakhale kukayikira osapita m'mbali andale European, Peter 1 wayamba kuganiza za nyanja ya Baltic. Osankhika kulamulira analipo pa nthawi imeneyo akuda nkhawa za zokhumba kukula kwa pulani wina - ndi Swedish Mfumu Karl XII. Chifukwa china chake azungu anathandiza Moscow tsar kuti atsale ndi kupeza chidutswa cha mayiko Baltic m'mphepete mwa nyanja kutsegula kumeneko sitima ndi madoko. Zinaoneka kuti kukhala awiri kapena atatu madoko Russian n'zotheka kuti athe ndi chomwe chayandikira nkhondo Nyanja Baltic kwambiri kufooketsa Sweden, omwe, ngakhale Nkhata ofooka Russian, koma kwambiri bogged pansi mu kumtunda Muscovy zakutchire.

Choncho anayamba yaitali kumpoto nkhondo. Umayambira 1700 ndi 1721 ndipo zinatha kugonjetsedwa mwadzidzidzi asilikali Swedish pa Poltava, komanso kukondweretsa Russian kukhalapo mu nyanja ya Baltic.

wokonzanso

Kumene, popanda kusintha kwambiri chuma ndi ndale ku Russia Peter 1 sanadulidwe kudzera wotchuka "zenera Europe". Okonzanso kwenikweni njira zonse zofunika za Muscovy. Ngati ife kulankhula za asilikali, kuti mapangidwe ake kuti walandira mu Nkhondo kumpoto. Petulo chuma kwa wamakono ake ndi gulu la chitsanzo European. Ndipo ngati pa chiyambi cha kumenyanako asilikali a Sweden anali kulimbana ndi osati wa bungwe, nthawi zambiri wosaphunzitsidwa ndi bwino zida mayunitsi pa mapeto a nkhondo kale amphamvu European asilikali, akhoza kuwina.

Koma osati umunthu wa Petro Wamkulu, ali ndi luso lodabwitsa la mkulu wa asilikaliwo, zinamupatsa kupambana ndi chigonjetso chachikulu. The Luso akazembe ake a pamtima ndi moyo wodzimana - mutu ndi kukambirana ndi waphindu. Pa ungwazi wa yosavuta Russian msilikali anapeka nthano lonse. Ndithudi, palibe asilikali sanathe kupambana popanda kumbuyo lalikulu. Kuti zokhumba asilikali kutero chuma cha Russia wakale, ndi kupita nawo ku mlingo wina kwathunthu. Ndipotu, miyambo yakale sanathe kwathunthu zosoŵa za gulu lankhondo kukula ndi asilikali. Pafupifupi moyo chithunzi cha Peter 1 limasonyeza zida zake zankhondo kapena zinthu asilikali. Ojambula zithunzi analipira msonkho kwa Mfumu choyenerera.

Osati khamu single

Chithunzi cha Peter 1 sadzakhala kotheratu ngati ife asagwiritse tokha yekha kuti chigonjetso zachuma ndi zankhondo. Mfumu ayenera kupereka msonkho kwa Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa mu malo ya kusintha ulamuliro. Choyamba, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Senate ndi matabwa m'malo lotha ndi ntchito mfundo ya Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira wa Boyar Duma ndi malamulo.

Chinapangidwa ndi Peter "Table a maudindo" ali spawned zikamera otchedwa sayenda chikhalidwe. Mu mawu ena, Khadili anapereka mwayi wolandira wabwino ndi otchuka basi pa mtengo. Kusintha anapangidwa ndi mayiko ena. M'malo malaya akale ubweya ndi zipewa boyars highborn, amene ankaimira Russia, akazembe oimira anali kale msinkhu European.

Kufotokozera Peter 1 chithunzi chingakhale chosakwanira ngati tikukamba za yekha mu zosangalatsa. Dziwani kuwonjezeka ambiri geopolitical Russia, miyoyo ya anthu wamba sanasinthe kwambiri mu dziko, ndi zina (mwachitsanzo, mokakamizidwa usilikali) wakhala poipa. Moyo ndi losavuta serf anali kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi moyo wa kavalo. Izi makamaka noticeable mu "dziko lonse" pomanga Petro. Anthu zikwizikwi anaphedwa ndi kumanga mzinda wokongola mu Europe - St. Petersburg. Palibe ankaganiza kuti akufa, ndipo pomanga Ladoga Ngalande ... Ndipo zambiri mwa anyamata sanakhale asilikali, akufa pansi akapitawo timitengo, kuyambitsa mwambo mayunitsi asilikali.

Ndi chifukwa kusalabadira wathunthu kwa mfumu moyo munthu woyamba ndi kutsutsa, kuona kuti zankhanza ndi nambala yaikulu akuvutika oipa. Komanso timakumana kulikonse zedi zochita zake akuchitirana nkhanza zokhudza Peter 1.

Poteteza munthu uyu akhoza kunena chinthu chimodzi. Mfumu yoyamba ya Russia sanayambe ubwenzi yekha kwa anthu ake pa mtunda zimenezo zimene alolera olamulira wotsatira. A zikwi mdani pakati mukhoza kung'ambika kuwasiyanitsa. Ambiri nthawi Petr Alekseevich Romanov ndikanangokhala adzawonongedwa zombo ungwiro. Ndipo pa ntchito yomanga lonse, anagona mu nyumba womwewo ndi odwala omanga akuputa kuti akakole matenda, kumene panthawiyo sanali mankhwala.

Kumene inkatetezedwa ndi zipolopolo mdani Mfumu aposa msilikali wamba, iye woyesedwa ndi madokotala abwino, osati amamwalira ku chimfine anali ndi zambiri zoposa m'mphawi wamba. Komabe, tiyeni kumaliza za chithunzi cha Petro 1 kukumbukira chifukwa imfa yake. Mfumu anafa ndi chibayo, amene analandira, chopulumutsa cha madzi ozizira achoka gombe Alonda yosavuta msilikali Neva. Mfundo si monga noticeable poyerekeza ndi zokhudza moyo wake, koma kuti kwambiri. N'zokayikitsa kuti wina wamakono "mkulu ndi wamphamvu" amatha kuchita ngati ...