2 Filipo, Mfumu ya Spain: mbiri ya moyo ndi banja. mfundo zosangalatsa

Philippe 2 - Spanish Mfumu. Mwachidule yonena za wolamulirayo limasonyeza despotism ndi stiffness wa khalidwe lake. Mu nthawi iyi ya ulamuliro wake - pamene mphamvu za dziko pamwamba.

Philip 2 Spanish mbiri

Mu ulamuliro wa mfumu imeneyi - 1527-1598 gg. Amene Philip 2 Spanish anali? Makolo wolamulirayo - Charles V ndi Isabella a Portugal. Anabadwa mu Valladolid mfumu ya m'tsogolo. Akuchezeredwa kuti chuma chawo ku Germany, Netherlands ndi Italy, mfumu ya m'tsogolo yomweyo nkhani udani. Kenako, kusamvetsa wawo ukhale linawonjezeka chifukwa chakuti kazembe sankadziwa bwino chinenero chilichonse kupatula Chikasitilia.

ubwana

2 Spanish Philip anakhala mwana mu Castile. bambo ake anali Mfumu ya Rome ndi wolandira madera Hapsburg. Popeza 1516, Charles V anali mfumu ya Spain. Iye analamulira, anapita ku Africa North ndi Europe. Valladolid ndi Toledo anali m'mizinda ikuluikulu ros Filipp 2 Spanish. Banja nkomwe ankaona bambo ake. Affairs a boma nufuna kuti Charles V anali nthawi zonse mu madera kumugonjera. Pamene Filipo anamwalira mayi ake, iye sanali 12. Mu zaka zoyambilira anali ndi chikondi cha chilengedwe. Nsomba, kusaka nyama kupita kwa chilengedwe anayamba ntchito anthu omwe pali bata Philip 2 Spanish. The amakhala a mfumu anayambanso kukhala oyambirira zokwanira. Kuyambira ndili mwana anali wolemekezeka ndi kupembedza, chikondi cha nyimbo. Akuthandizeni anam'phunzitsa chilakolako chofuna kuwerenga. Laibulale yake zokwana 14 sauzande. Magawo.

Chiyambi ulamuliro

Philip 2 Spanish (chithunzi zokoperazo zithunzi zimene anapereka m'nkhani) anayamba maganizo ake pandale ndi nkhani mwachindunji ya bambo ake. Ngakhale yaitali kusapezeka ndi maulendo kawirikawiri kunyumba, Charles V anayesa munthu, kudzera m'makalata ndi malangizo apadera wolangiza mwana wake nkhani kasamalidwe. bambo ake adanena za udindo waukulu andale, kufunika kokhulupirira Mulungu. Charles anaitana mwana wake kuti Kugwirizana ndi chilungamo zochita analimbikitsa kuteteza chikhulupiriro akale, kuti tisalole ampatuko zivute zitani.

Siteji yoyamba ya ulamuliro wa

Pa regency wake woyamba (ndi 1543 pa 1548 gg.) Philip 2 Spanish n'zimene zinachitikira zofunika kwambiri za boma. Iwo amapereka katswiri kunsonga ya Board. Komanso nthawi anakambirana ndi atate wake, mgwirizano nkhani zambiri naye. Nthawi imeneyi, Philip 2 Spanish anatumikira ntchito wapawiri. Choyamba, iye anachita monga regent udindo. M'nkhaniyi, potsatira chidwi ndale, anakwatira mu 1543 Mariya - mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa Portugal. Kachiwiri, Philip 2 Spanish anali kuyang'ana mosamala kwambiri pa zonse zimachitika mu Germany. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kanthu chachikulu m'dera limeneli ikuchitika ndi bambo ake. Philip, kunali koyenera kuti athe kusonkhanitsa chuma cha Spain kwa mfundo zina zamtengo wapatali. Mu 1547, Charles V anagonjetsa Achiprotestanti. mphindi Ichi chinali chikweza Mfumu ku msonkhano wa mphamvu yake.

Kufika mu Germany

Zikuchitika m'gawo la zochitika ufumu, komanso kuti mwana wake Ferdinand (m'bale wake wa Charles), amene adanenera mwa olamulira azimvetsa Achiprotestanti, bambo Filipo anavomereza maganizo ndi nthawi yokonzekera wolowa ufumu. Iye anauzidwa kuti abwere ku Netherlands ndi Germany. zaka 1548-1559 anali kwa achinyamata mfumu sukulu kwambiri za moyo European ndale. Mu kugwa kwa 1548, Philip 2 Spanish anapita ku Italy. Pa njira anakhala retinue ake zikwi ziwiri mu Milan, Genoa, Trient, Mantua. Kenako anawoloka Alps, anapita Heidelberg, Speyer, Munich. Via Luxembourg, iye anapita ku Brussels, kumene anakumana ndi bambo ake.

Ankadziwa ndi Netherlands

ulendo achinyamata, mfumu anali limodzi ndi maphwando ambiri ndi maholide, imene gawo achangu anatenga Philip 2 - The mfumu Spanish. Mwachidule yonena mwadzaza zosiyanasiyana zochitika. Chotero, July 1550 mpaka May 1551-TH, analipo pa Zakudya za Augsburg. Apa mfumu anakumana ndi Ferdinand (amalume ake) ndi mwana wake - Maximilian. Mu 1549, Philip tinakaona Netherlands. Bwino ndi dziko, anaphunzira zimenezo. Zimagulitsidwa kuchokera mu zochitika Netherlands zimadalira mamangidwe a m'mapaki ndi nyumba kuti pambuyo Phillip anamanga ku Spain. Mu mutakonzekera maofesi ndi ensembles wa mfumu anatenga gawo mwachindunji. kusangalala Special anachititsa mfumu kupenta. Posakhalitsa, zosonkhanitsira wake anali kudzadza ndi zojambula aluso kwambiri. Bosch ndi zojambula nokha, panali 40.

Imfa ya Charles V mphamvu

Mu 1551 Philip anabwerera ku Spain kwa zaka 3. Kuchokera kumeneko, iye anayesetsa kuchita zake, kuchirikiza bambo ake kugalukira akalonga a ku Germany. Komabe, Carl ndi moyenera, mwana wake wataya mphamvu mu ufumuwo. Ferdinand ndi Maximilian anatha kuteteza ufulu wawo ku Germany motsutsa Habsburg mzere anakhala, ndi njira, tsopano Spain. Pomaliza, Charles anali kupereka imperatorstvo. Komabe, iye anali wokhoza kutitetezera Philip katundu ku Italy ndi Netherlands. Dera la yamasika, iye ankagwira pamalo abwino atetezedwe ukwati wa mwana Marii Tyudor, amene anali wamkulu kwambiri kuposa iye. Kuchita izi, Filipo analandira Ufumu wa Naples. Mfumu wamng'ono anasamukira ku London.

Imfa ya abambo ake ndi mkazi

chaka A pambuyo zochitika za thanzi Charles a lafika poipa monga tafotokozazi. Iye anapereka kwa mwana wake, choyamba Netherlands kenako kwa Spain. Bambo analembera malangizo mwana wake monga 1558, mu September, iye anafa osati kwa zaka ziwiri. Patapita miyezi iwiri, Mary Tudor anafa. Zonsezi walola Philip kubwerera mu 1559 ku Spain. Mfumu anali mu '33. Mavuto mu moyo wake, fifitini-chaka zinachitikira ndale anamuika munthu wachikulire. Philip 2 Spanish ngati palibe wolamulira European, anali wokonzeka kulandira udindo mapeto a fuko lawo.

zolinga mfumu

Kodi ndi wolamulira Philip 2 Spanish anali? Mwachidule yonena za mfumu zimasonyeza kuti iye ankadziwa kufunika linakhalapo, udindo pamaso pa Mulungu Yekha chipulumutso cha miyoyo ya anthu ake. Cholinga chake chapamwamba anali kuteteza ndi kukula kwa chuma Hapsburg kunyumba, atetezedwe ndi kuukira Turkey, containment cha Katolika, kulimbana ndi mbali yake kudzera kusintha wa Mpingo wa Katolika. Mu njira zambiri vuto, zomwe iye anadziyika yekha, zinthu zogwirizana ndi anthu anaganiza bambo ake. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo analinso kulunjika a ndale, omwe kunachitidwa ndi Philip 2 Spanish. Mfumu, mosiyana ndi bambo ake, analamulira dziko makamaka kukakhala limodzi mpaka kalekale. Pamene pa mpandowachifumu, iye anali zaka 2 zokha anabwera Portugal pambuyo inalowa mfumu mu 1580, Charles V zonse nawo nkhondo. Philip zinali zosiyana kwambiri Spanish 2. Mfumuyo inatumiza mu nkhondo akazembe ake.

kutengerapo okhala

Mu 1561 Philip anasamukira ku Madrid. Ndi 1563 pa 1568 pafupi ndi iye anamangidwira Escorial. Icho chinali chimake wophiphiritsa wa mphamvu. Ndi nyumba, manda dynastic ndi obisika. Ndi kulanda ulamuliro chapakati ndi bwalo mfumu yake anazindikira zimene kale kulembedwa mu England ndi France. Kuyambira pamenepo, Madrid anayamba kutenga maonekedwe a likulu.

kalembedwe boma

Philip bwino malangizo a bambo ake, kuyesera onetsetsani kuti zisakhale amadalira alangizi payekha. Ambiri, kalembedwe ulamuliro wake angatchedwe ndi malamulo ndi authoritarian. mamembala angapo a apamwamba anakopeka ulamuliro wagawo chapakati zosankha za zolinga asilikali ndi mfundo yachilendo. Mmodzi wa anthu awa, mwachitsanzo, anali kalonga wa ku Alba. Grand Philippe 2 Spanish anaika udindo wa akazembe pa mabwalo European. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye m'thupi iwo m'manja chapakati. kudzathandiza Ofunika ambiri anali maloya, asayansi Nthawi zambiri udindo wauzimu. Ambiri a iwo Anawaphunzitsa makoleji kutsogolera ndi yunivesite ya Castile.

Nsonga

Achita monga amazilamulira kiyi. Nsonga kusanduka kuyambira m'masiku a olamulira Katolika. Karl V angwiro dongosolo lawo. Mbali ya matupi anapatsidwa ntchito mwachilungamo capacious. Makamaka, Council State anaganiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri mfundo yachilendo, ndi Board Financial anachititsa kufalitsa ndalama. Pamene Philippe limba oyang'anira asilikali ndale potsiriza anapanga. yamtunduwu M'dziko unakhazikitsidwa 1483, Bungwe la kusaka. Inasanduka kiyi chapakati mphamvu dongosolo pansi Philip. matupi zina chenjezo anapatsidwa yamtunduwu ambiri dera. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la akuchita nsonga Aragon, Castile kumadela kunja. Mu 1555 iye anaima thupi palokha kuyang'anira zochitika za Italy. M'kupita kwa zikamera cha mavuto latsopano kutatha Philippe 2 Spanish Netherlands Nsonga ndi Portugal. matupi Collegial anapatsidwa mphamvu zotuluka, malamulo ndi boma. nyumba izi anathandiza mfumu mu njira ya nkhani zosiyanasiyana ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito nzeru maganizo.

Mfundo mgwirizano ndi maulamuliro

Philip ndi limaoneka pa msonkhano Council. Kawirikawiri nyumba ya kafukufuku kupereka kusodza zochita kulemba mu mawonekedwe a malangizo. Monga intermediaries anali alembi. Iwo ali mamembala a Council. Mu Mipingo, ndi alembi amenewa anali ogwirizana junta lapansi. Izo kusanduka pansi Filipo amazilamulira zofunika. Mfumu mwa kuchita ndi nyumba chenjezo, alembi ndi akuluakulu ena a udindo motsogozedwa ndi mfundo ya "kugawaniza ndi kugonjetsa". Bungwe msonkhano payokha Chrixitu. Nthawi zambiri, alembi ndi yaing'ono bwalo la ogwira ntchito sichinayambe kuuzidwa kwathunthu za nkhani.

chilango

Philip sadzalekerera akuluakulu kunyalanyaza udindo wawo. Ngati aliyense chinaoneka ntchito udindo wake chifukwa cha dyera kapena kulephera kwa ntchito, iye anali pomwepo mosatsata positi ndi inachotsedwa bwalo. Chotero tsoka, mwachitsanzo, anavutika alembi Antonio Perez ndi Francisco de Erazo. Iwo anali atagwidwa. Nthawi Ndinasiya kukhulupirira ndi Duke la Alba chifukwa cha mwankhanza mu Netherlands. Amugwira ndi Don Carlos - mwana wa Filipo. wolowa imfa opulumutsidwa dziko kuchokera sagwirizana, achilendo ndi zoweta. Dziwani kulira pagulu zimene zinachitika pa nthawi imeneyi. M'nthawi Philip konse kwa mphindi ankakayikira kuti mtima wa mfumu anaonetsetsa kufunika boma kuteteza zofuna dynastic. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chinthu chimodzimodzi wolamulirayo anakhazikitsa maziko propaganda ndale anapezerapo otsutsa. Ku Ulaya, unapita mu dzina legenda negra. kumatikumbutsabe ake akhala maziko a ntchito za olemba German Schiller ( "Don Carlos"), H. Mann, Thomas Mann.

Zisinthe mu Netherlands

Kugalukira anali kukuchitika chifukwa zochita za Filipo. Iye kwenikweni anayambitsa ndi analimbitsa kusaka mu Netherlands. Chizunzo Asilamu, Achiprotestanti ndi Ayuda. Dutch anamuda mfumu. Onse amalandira madandaulo ndi akupempha Iye adayankha malamulo kufafaniza osokonezeka, kusonyeza chifundo. Mu zaka 1565-1567 la kupanduka unakula. Ndiyeno Filipo anatumizidwa ku Alba - mmodzi wa asilikali kwambiri. m'malo onse sanathe kuyanjananso ndi Netherlands. Philip anali nthawi zonse ndi mfundo zina. Anali atakhala pa nyumba yake ndipo kuchokera kumeneko anatumiza makalatawo kwa madongosolo a proteges wake. Mu mu 1581 ndi States-General mu The Hague, analengeza kuti Philip asalandidwe katundu wawo mu Netherlands. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mfumu popped England.

"Losagonjetseka sitima"

Atamwalira mkazi wake woyamba Marii Filipp ankafuna kukwatira m'malo Elizabeti. Komabe, yotsirizira anakana pempholo. Ngati Dutch kupambana kukula Elizabeti anachita chisoni kwambiri chifukwa cha zochita zawo. Adventurer Frensis Dreyk pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi kuukira boma British pa gombe Spanish. Elizabeth anatumizidwa ku Netherlands thandizo - gulu lalikulu la oyenda ndi zida zankhondo. Nayenso Filipo anaganiza kuvulaza nkhonya mwachangu. Mu 1588, iye anatumizidwa kwa English gombe flotilla lingamutsatire - "sitima". Koma mu msonkhano, pafupifupi zombo zonse (panali 130) anasowa mu mkuntho ndi matenda zombo za adani. Mtendere ndi Elizabeth ndi Filipo anali anamaliza. Asanafe dziko anaukiridwa British. Spanish chuma watopa. Panalibe ndalama ngakhale kulenga osachepera yaing'ono chitetezo zombo.

mbadwa

Pakuti nthawi zonse bolodi kanayi anakwatira Philip 2 Spanish. ana ake anali mwamuna ndi mkazi. Woyamba mwana - Don Carlos - wobadwa mwa Mariya wa Portugal. Iye anafa zikamera wa woyamba kubadwa m'dziko. Ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri - Marii Tyudor - ana Philip anali ayi. Pa nthawi yomweyo Don Karlos anafa zinthu zachilendo chokwanira. Amadziwika kuti ankadwala matenda okhudza ubongo. M'banja lachitatu ndi anabadwa mwana Izabelloy Valua. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi ulamuliro mu dziko la Southern Netherlands. Ndi Philip anayesetsa kuti akhale mfumukazi ya France. Koma wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, iwo anakhala mwana yekhayo wa mfumu. 3 Filipo anabadwa mu banja Anne a Austria. Poyamba anafuna kuti Dona Karlosa. Tikudziwa kuyambira kale Philip 2 zambiri zasintha mistresses wake. nkhondo zambiri, nkhanza poyerekezera ndi malonda ndi anthu ntchito chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo zavutitsa kamodzi wolemera dziko, amene ankalamulidwa ndi Philip 2 Spanish. Mapeto a moyo iye anakhala ndi mavuto. Iye anayamba gout.

umunthu ziyenera

Chiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika olemba zimaonetsa Philip 2 chosiyana. Loyamba la mfumu ngati chilombo wamagazi, anasonyeza kuti izo zosiyanasiyana ziwonongeke. Komabe, iwo kutsindika zosasangalatsa wake, n'kulakwa maonekedwe. M'bwalo la kazembe panali chikhalidwe cha kukayikirana. kasamalidwe State limodzi zokhota zoipa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Filipo anali woyang'anira ndi connoisseur luso. Mu ulamuliro wake, mabuku, kupenta anakumana zaka zake zagolide. Zinali nthawi imeneyi zinadziwika kwa dziko la El Agiriki, Lope de A Vega. Maluwa mpaka theka lachiwiri la m'ma 17. Kusonkhanitsa Filipo anali osowa zojambula kuchokera ku Ulaya. Tanena kale chikondi chake mabuku. Laibulale yake anali pa msonkhano zolemba Copernican la Erasmus. Ngakhale kutopa chuma ndi mapeto a moyo Filipo, dziko muulamuliro wake adalowa m'bwalomo mayiko monga boma lamphamvu. M'mbali zambiri izi analimbikitsa malamulo a atate, mfumu - Charles V. Komabe, kusakhulupirirana, kukayikirana, nkhanza, Philip 2 anawononga dziko.