Kusuntha kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka: kutanthauzira, mawonekedwe

Kuthamanga kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu mufizikiki yamphamvu. Ngakhale mwana wa sukulu yemwe amadziwa nthawi zonse amadziwa kuti gawoli likugwirizana ndi malamulo atatu a Newton . Tiyeni tiyesetse kusokoneza mutu uwu bwino, ndipo nkhani yomwe ikufotokoza chitsanzo chilichonse idzatithandiza kupanga phunziro la thupi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka monga zothandiza.

Zakale za mbiriyakale

Kuyambira nthawi zakale anthu amaziyang'ana ndi chidwi chidwi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zimachitika m'moyo wathu. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu sanathe kumvetsa mfundo ndi kayendedwe ka machitidwe ambiri, komabe, njira yochuluka yophunzirira dziko lozungulira ife inatsogolera makolo athu kuti asinthe pa sayansi. Masiku ano, pamene zipangizo zamakono zikukula mofulumira kwambiri, anthu samalingalira momwe izi kapena njira zina zimagwirira ntchito.

Panthawiyi makolo athu nthawi zonse ankakondwera ndi zochitika za chirengedwe ndi bungwe la dziko lapansi, kufunafuna mayankho ku mafunso ovuta kwambiri ndipo sanaleke kuphunzira kufikira atapeza mayankho awo. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi wotchuka Galileo Galilei m'zaka za m'ma 1600 anafunsa mafunso kuti: "N'chifukwa chiyani matupi nthawi zonse amagwa pansi, ndi mphamvu yanji imene imawakopa padziko lapansi?" Mu 1589, adaika ziyeso zingapo, zotsatira zake zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri. Anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane machitidwe a kugwa kwaulere kwa matupi osiyanasiyana, kutaya zinthu kuchokera ku nsanja yotchuka mumzinda wa Pisa. Malamulo omwe anapeza anali abwino ndipo anafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi malemba a asayansi wina wotchuka wa ku England, Sir Isaac Newton. Ali ndi malamulo atatu omwe pafupifupi physics yonse yamakono ilipo.

Mfundo yakuti malamulo oyendetsa matupi, omwe anafotokozedwa zaka zoposa 500 zapitazo, ndi ofunikira lero, amatanthauza kuti dziko lathu lapansi limamvera malamulo osasinthika. Mwamuna wamakono akuyenera kuphunzira mopanda phindu mfundo zoyendetsera dziko lapansi.

Mfundo zoyamba ndi zothandizira za mphamvu

Kuti mumvetse bwino mfundo za kayendedwe kotere, muyenera kuyamba kudzidziwa nokha ndi mfundo zina. Choncho, mawu ofunikira kwambiri:

• Kuyanjana - ndiko kukhudza matupi wina ndi mzake, komwe kusintha kapena kuyamba kwa kayendetsedwe kawo. Pali mitundu inayi yogwirizana: magetsi, magetsi, amphamvu komanso othandiza.
• Kuthamanga ndi kuchuluka kwa thupi komwe kumasonyeza liwiro limene thupi limayenda. Kuthamanga ndi vector, ndiko kuti, ilibe phindu, komanso malangizo.
• Kupititsa patsogolo - mtengo umene umatisonyeza kusintha kwa liwiro la thupi nthawi. Iyenso ndi vector ambiri.
• Njira ya msewu ndi mphira, ndipo nthawi zina mzere wolunjika womwe thupi limapondereza pamene akusuntha. Ndi maulendo ofanana a rectilinear, mayendedwe angagwirizane ndi kusamuka kwa mtengo.
• Njira ndi kutalika kwa njira, zomwe ndizofanana ndi thupi lomwe lapita kwa nthawi yochepa.
• Cholinga chosayenerera ndi malo omwe lamulo loyamba la Newton limagwira, ndiko kuti, thupi limakhalabe ndi mphamvu, pokhapokha ngati mphamvu zonse zakunja siziripo.

Malingaliro omwe tatchulidwa pamwambawa ndi okwanira kuti akoke molondola kapena kuimirira mutu mutu wa kayendetsedwe kathupi ka mphamvu yokoka.

Kodi mphamvu ndi chiyani?

Tiyeni tipitirire ku mfundo yaikulu ya mutu wathu. Choncho, mphamvu ndizochuluka zomwe tanthauzo lake limakhudza momwe zimakhudzidwa kapena kutengera thupi limodzi pamtundu wina. Ndipo mphamvu yokoka ndiyo mphamvu yomwe imakhudza thupi lonse lomwe liri pafupi kapena dziko lathu lapansi. Funso limabwera: Kodi mphamvu iyi imachokera kuti? Yankho likupezeka mu lamulo la chilengedwe chonse.

Ndipo mphamvu ya mphamvu yokoka ndi yotani?

Pa thupi lirilonse lochokera ku Dziko lapansi limakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu yokoketsa, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti achite mwamsanga. Mphamvu yokoka nthawizonse imakhala ndi chitsogozo chowonekera mpaka pakatikati pa dziko. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mphamvu yokoka imakoka zinthu ku Dziko, ndicho chifukwa chake zinthu zimagwa nthawi zonse. Zikuoneka kuti mphamvu yokoka ndipadera ya mphamvu ya chilengedwe chonse. Newton anatenga imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zopezera mphamvu ya kukopa pakati pa matupi awiri. Zikuwoneka ngati izi: F = G * (m ₁ x M ₂ ) / R ² .

Kodi kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi chiyani?

Thupi, lomwe linamasulidwa kuchokera kutalika kwina, nthawizonse limawulukira pansi pa mphamvu ya kukopa. Kuthamanga kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka kumapangidwe ndi kumunsi kungathe kufotokozedwa ndi kufanana, komwe nthawi zonse ndikuthamangira mtengo "g". Mtengo umenewu umangokhala chifukwa cha mphamvu yokongola, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wofanana ndi 9.8 m / s ² . Zikuoneka kuti thupi, kutayidwa kuchokera kutalika popanda chiwongolero choyamba, lidzasunthira pansi ndi kuthamanga kofanana ndi mtengo wa "g".

Kuthamanga kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka: maonekedwe a kuthetsa mavuto

Njira yeniyeni yopezera mphamvu yogonjetsa ndiyi: F _gravity = m x g, pomwe mamita ambiri omwe thupi limagwira, ndipo "g" ndiko kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka (kuti kuphweka, kawirikawiri kumaganiziridwa kukhala 10 m / s ² ) .

Pali njira zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chinthu chimodzi chosadziwika pamene thupi likuyenda momasuka. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kuti muwerenge njira yoyendayenda ndi thupi, nkofunika kuti mulowe m'malo mwa zidziwitso zodziwika mu fomu iyi: S = V ₀ x T + a x t 2/2 (njirayo ndi yofanana ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yoyamba yowonjezereka ndi nthawi komanso kupititsa patsogolo pafupipafupi ndi 2 nthawi.

Zofanana pofotokoza kayendetsedwe kawonekedwe ka thupi

Kuyenda kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka kumatanthauziridwa ndi liwu lofanana ndi ili: x = x ₀ + v ₀ x t + x t ² / 2. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awa, mukhoza kupeza mgwirizano wa thupi podziwika nthawi. Muyenera kungosintha zinthu zomwe zimadziwika pa ntchitoyi: malo oyambirira, liwiro loyambirira (ngati thupi silikutulutsidwa koma limakakamizidwa) ndi kuthamanga, mwa ife tidzakhala ofanana ndi kuthamanga g.

Mofananamo, mungathe kupeza liwiro la thupi, lomwe limayenda pansi pa mphamvu yokopa. Mawu oti apeze nthawi yosadziwika nthawi iliyonse: v = v ₀ + g x t (kukula koyambirira koyambirira kungakhale zero, ndiye liwiro lidzakhala lofanana ndi zotsatira za kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi kufunika kwa nthawi yomwe thupi limayenda).

Kutengeka kwa matupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka: mavuto ndi njira za njira zawo

Pofuna kuthetsa mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi mphamvu yokoka, timalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yotsatirayi:

1. Dzifunseni nokha mawonekedwe osakanikirana ofotokoza, kawirikawiri ndi mwambo wosankha Dziko lapansi, chifukwa limakwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri za ISO.
2. Dulani chojambula chojambula kapena chojambula, chomwe chimasonyeza mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zimagwira thupi. Kuthamanga kwa thupi kumagwira ntchito yokoka kumatanthauza chithunzi kapena chithunzi chimene chimasonyeza momwe thupi limayendera, ngati kuthamanga kumakhala kofanana ndi g.
3. Kenaka sankhani malangizo owonetsera mphamvu ndi maulendo omwe amapezeka.
4. Lembani zambiri zosadziwika ndikuwonetsani malangizo awo.
5. Potsiriza, pogwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwewa pamwamba kuthetsa mavuto, kuwerengera zinthu zambiri zosadziwika mwa kuikapo deta muzofanana pofuna kupeza kuthamanga kapena njira yopitilira.

Njira yothetsera vuto losavuta

Ponena za chodabwitsa chotero monga kuyenda kwa thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka, kuganizira momwe mungathetsere ntchito yowonjezera kungakhale kovuta. Komabe, pali njira zingapo zomwe mungathe kuthetsa ngakhale ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Kotero, tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zamoyo, momwe tingathetsere izi kapena vutoli. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ntchito yosavuta kumvetsa.

Thupi lina linamasulidwa kuchokera kutalika kwa mamita 20 popanda liwiro loyamba. Sankhani nthawi yochuluka yomwe idzafike padziko lapansi.

Kuthetsa: Timadziwa njira yomwe thupi lathu limayenda, limadziwika kuti nthawi yoyamba inali yaikulu 0. Komanso, tingadziwe kuti mphamvu yokoka imagwira thupi, ndiye kuti thupilo likuyenda pansi pa mphamvu yokoka, choncho tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito fomu iyi: S = V ₀ x T + x t 2/2. Chifukwa cha ife = g, pambuyo pa kusintha kwina kumene timapezako ziganizo zotsatirazi: S = g × t ² / 2. Tsopano zatsala pang'ono kufotokozera nthawi kudzera mu njirayi, timapeza t ² = 2S / g. Ife timalowetsa zida zodziwika (pano tikuganiza kuti g = 10 m / s ² ) t ² = 2 x 20/10 = 4. Chifukwa chake, t = 2 s.

Choncho, yankho lathu: Thupi lidzagwa pansi pamasekondi awiri.

Chinyengo chomwe chimakuthandizani kuthetsa vutolo mwamsanga ndi chonchi: mukhoza kuona kuti kusuntha kwa thupi lanu muvuto ili pamwambali kumachitika chimodzimodzi (kutsika pansi). Zili zofanana ndi kuyenda mofulumizitsa, chifukwa palibe mphamvu yogwira thupi, kupatula mphamvu yokoka (timanyalanyaza mphamvu ya kukana mpweya). Chifukwa cha izi, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yowonetsera kuwala kuti mupeze njira yopita mofulumira, kupyola zithunzi za zithunzi ndi dongosolo la mphamvu zomwe zimagwira thupi.

Chitsanzo cha njira yothetsera vuto lalikulu

Ndipo tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe kulili kotheka kuthetsa mavuto pa kayendetsedwe ka thupi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka, ngati thupi silisunthike pamtunda, koma liri ndi khalidwe lovuta kwambiri lothawira.

Mwachitsanzo, vuto lotsatira. Chinthu china choyendayenda chimayenda ndi chidziwitso chosadziwika pansi pa ndege yowonongeka, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi k. Onetsetsani kuti kuthamanga kwapadera kumene kulipo pamene thupi lapatsidwa likusunthika, ngati mtunda wotsika α umadziwika.

Yankho: Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Choyamba, kujambulani chithunzi cha ndege yopita ndi chifaniziro cha thupi ndi mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Zikupezeka kuti zili ndi zigawo zitatu: mphamvu yokoka, kukangana ndi mphamvu zothandizira. Kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zotsatila zikuwoneka ngati izi: F _kukangana + N + mg = ma.

Chinthu chachikulu cha vutoli ndi chikhalidwe cha malingaliro pa ngodya α. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zogwiritsira ntchito ng'ombe, ndi bwino kuganizira chikhalidwe ichi, ndiye kuti tipeze mawu otsatirawa: mg x uchi α-F _{kuthamangitsidwa} = ma (chifukwa cha nkhwangwa) ndi N-mg x cos α = F _kusemphana (kwa oxis) .

_Kusiyanitsa F _kumakhala kosavuta kuwerengera mwa njira yopezera mphamvu yotsutsana, ndilofanana ndi k x mg (coefficient of friction yowonjezera ndi mankhwala a thupi ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yokoka). Pambuyo pa ziwerengero zonse, zimakhala zokhazokha kuti zilowe mmalo mwazimene zimapezeka mu njirayi, timapeza equation yosavuta powerengera kupititsa patsogolo komwe thupi limayenda motsatira ndege.