December kupanduka: Zoyambitsa ndi Zotsatira

Mu December 1905, Kuyamba Chisinthiko cha Russia kunayambira pamapeto pake. Kuukira kumeneku kunachitika ku Moscow. Nkhondo yotsutsa mu mzinda inali masabata awiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, pamakhala miyambo ina m'mizinda ina ya m'dzikolo. Komabe, kupanduka kwa Moscow, omwe anazunzidwa omwe anali mazana a anthu, anachotsedwa. Pambuyo pa chigonjetsochi, boma la tsarist linayambitsa okha ndikukhazikitsa chisankho cha 1905-1907.

Zifukwa ndi malingaliro

Chiwombankhanga chotchuka kwambiri cha December chinayamba chifukwa cha zochitika zambiri. Manifesto yotchuka idakhazikitsidwa kale pa October 17, yomwe inapatsa dziko ufulu wina ndi kukhazikitsa nyumba yamalamulo. Komabe, osakhutira pakati pa anthu anapitirizabe. December 4, 1905 ku Moscow, msonkhano waukulu wa Council of Deployers 'Deputies. Tsiku lomwelo, kuuka kwa asilikali a Rostov kunayambika pamzindawu. Asirikali anafuna zakudya zabwino, kulemberana makalata kunatha, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo pa chochitika ichi, antchito ambiri anayamba kumenyana. Anthu obwera ku Moscow anabwera kukakonza zochitika. Chifukwa cha ichi bungweli linasonkhanitsidwa.

Pakatikati pa chipwirikiti cha nkhondo cha December ku Moscow chinali ku Fiedler School ya Chistye Prudy. Kumeneko akuluakulu a antchito a Soviet anali atakhala ndipo msonkhano wa Bolshevik unakhazikitsidwa pano. Madzulo a tsiku lachisanu, oimira mafelemu a fakitale ndi mafakitale anayamba kufika ku sukuluyi. Onsewa adalankhula kuti athandizidwe. Komabe, panali mavuto ambiri pakati pa otsutsa ndondomekoyi. Panalibe kusowa kwa zida, ndipo mphamvu ya chipani ku ndende ya Moscow inakhalabe yofooka. Komabe, panali anthu okonda kwambiri pakati pa a Bolshevik kuposa okayikira. A Mensheviks anatenga chisankho chosavuta tsiku lomwelo. Iwo analimbikitsa kuwonjezereka kwa kusokonezeka. Ngakhale atangoyamba kuwukira, adagwirizana nawo pamalopo popanda kubwezeretsa.

Mwa a Socialist-Revolutionaries m'masiku oyambirira a December adakangana. Achinyamata pakati pa maximalists (Vladimir Mazurin, ndi zina zotero) adalimbikitsa zochita zodziwika kwambiri. Viktor Chernov ndi Evno Azef, omwe anali ndi zodziŵika bwino kwambiri, ankakhulupirira kuti kuukitsidwa kunali kosatheka. Pamapeto pake, a SRs adaganiza zochitapo kanthu ndikudikirira zotsatira za zochitikazo. Panthawiyi, kuukira nkhondo kwa December kunali kosayembekezereka.

Chigamulocho

December 7, 1905, adayamba zochitika zazikulu za nkhondo ya December. Patsikuli, mgwirizano wandale wadziko lonse unauzidwa ku Moscow. Poyambirira, utsogoleri wa chigwirizanocho unayambidwa ndi komiti yayikulu ya Soviet of Deploy's Deputies. Mzindawu, womwe unali kunyumba kwa anthu oposa miliyoni, unayamba kusintha pamaso pathu. Makampani aakulu kwambiri anasiya ntchito yawo, magetsi anasiya, masitolo adatsekedwa, trams ananyamuka. Patsiku loyamba, Muscovites anachotsa zipangizo zonse: palibe amene adadziwa nthawi yayitali yomwe nkhondoyi ikasokonezeka ndi akuluakulu apolisi apitirize.

Sukulu ndi malo owonetserako masewera anali atatsekedwa, nyuzipepala inaleka kuonekera (Izvestia za Moscow Council zinakhala zosiyana). Palibe sitima zinafika kapena zachoka. Msewu waukulu wa St. Petersburg-Moscow ndi umene unkagwira ntchito ndi asilikali. Madzulo mzindawo unalowa mu mdima. Bwalo la Banja linaletsa magetsi. December 10 m'mabotolo anamaliza chakudya.

Pa 8, chiŵerengero cha omenya ku Moscow chinafikira 150,000 (50,000 kuposa tsiku loyamba). Mkhalidwe mumzindawu unasintha kwambiri. Madzulo apolisi anaimitsa masauzande ambirimbiri a mpikisano wamakono m'munda "Aquarium". Alonda a dongosolo anafunsidwa kuti apereke zida zawo ndi kuyamba kumanga anthu. Otsutsa ambiri adasowa. Chifukwa chake, apolisi adalephera, ndipo mkwiyo wa anthu unangowonjezereka.

Nkhondo ya December yomenyera nkhondo inayamba kutenga zida zomwezo usiku wa 9. Gulu la asilikali a SR linapanga nkhondo ku dipatimenti ya chitetezo, yomwe inali ku Gnezdnikovsky Lane. Otsutsawo anaponya mabomba awiri. Ozunzidwawo anali anthu atatu.

Chiyambi cha mwazi

Pofika madzulo a December 9, kuukira nkhondo kwa December kunayambitsa zochitika zatsopano. Pazitsamba za Strastnaya, dragoons anawombera otsutsa otsutsa (Maxim Gorky, yemwe anali mumzindawu, anatchula malo odetsedwa ndi magazi m'modzi mwa makalata ake). Mipango yoyamba inkaonekera ku Tverskaya Street. Iwo anapangika mwamsanga, kuti atseke misewu ya apakavalo, ndipo chotero sanakhale nthawi yayitali. Komabe, ngakhale zinaonekeratu kwa aliyense kuti chisanakhale chisokonezo chisanakhale chisokonezo.

Madzulo omwewo, zida zankhondo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi otsutsa pa nthawi yoyamba. Likululikulu, lomwe linali mu Fidler weniweni wa sukulu, linali pafupi anthu 500. Ankhondo a Chipulotesitanti adayendetsa nyumbayo ndipo adafunsa kuchokera kwa osonkhana kuti apereke zida zawo. Azingidwa anapatsidwa chiwonongeko cha ora limodzi. Kumapeto kwa nthawiyi, alonda adathamangitsa asilikali ndipo adawapha ndi mabomba. Poyankhira, kupalasa zipolopolo kunayamba. Anthu 5 anaphedwa, ena 15 anavulala. Anthu okwana 100 anamangidwa. Anatumizidwa ku ndende ya Butyrskaya. Komabe, ambiri a iwo omwe anasonkhana ku sukulu anatha kuthawa.

Zinyengo m'misewu

Kusintha kwa Moscow kunali usiku wa 10 December. Mzinda wonse unayamba kumangodzimangirira. Mabungwe a Demokarasi Achikhalidwe anathandizira izi. Mabolsheviks ndi Mensheviks anaperekanso lamulo logwirizana la Federal Council ya RSDLP. Chidziwitsochi chimaitanidwa kuti zikhale ndi mipikisano yomwe imakhala kutsogolo kwa nyumbayi kuti akope asilikali kumbali yawo.

Maulendo, omwe apulotesitanti anamanga mwamsanga, anapangidwa kuchokera ku telefoni ndi lamaposts, zipata za nyumba, zipika, mbiya, mabokosi ndi posters. Mwachibadwidwe, iwo sangathe, kuteteza moyenera, kuteteza omenyana ku moto wamoto. Komabe, zidazo sizinalepheretse kupititsa patsogolo maboma a boma kupyolera mumzindawu, komanso anali ndi maganizo aakulu pamasensa ndi asilikali, kuchititsa mantha mwa iwo. Anasonyeza kuti kuukira nkhondo kwa December ku Moscow sikunali kovuta. Wowonongeka, atakulungidwa mu waya, ataphimbidwa ndi chisanu ndi zodzaza madzi zomwe zinasanduka madzi oundana.

Malingaliro osiyanasiyana, pafupi 1500 mipanda yosiyanasiyana inamangidwa. Koma ochepa chabe mwa iwo adakhazikitsidwa ndi akatswiri omwe ankadziwa bizinesi yawo. Ponseponse, mipando ya Moscow inakumbutsa pang'ono za nthawi ya 1848 kusintha ndi ma communes ku Paris (apo ndi pamene mawu akuti "ziboliboli" zinayambira).

Kusagwirizana kwa opandukawo

Chisokonezo ku Moscow chinali chachikulu, koma ndi zifukwa zotani zomwe zinagonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo ya December? Kulakwitsa kwa anthu opandukawo kunali kuti iwo analibe ndondomeko yoyenera. Panalibenso yemwe adatsogolera chipwirikiti cha Moscow chaka chakumenyana ndi zida zonse. Amuna atagonjetsa Sukulu ya Fidler, kugwirizanitsa pakati kulibe.

Kuchokera masiku oyambirira a nkhondo, mabungwe opandukawo ankalamulira madera akumidzi a mzinda, kumene mafakitale, mafakitale, ndi zina zotero analipo. Zinkayesa kuti odikirawo adzapita patsogolo ku Kremlin, ndipo kulanda kumeneku kudzakakamiza akuluakulu a boma. Ku Simonovo Sloboda, Presnya ndi madera ena, "mayiko" adadzuka. Mphamvu mwa iwo kwenikweni inali ya osinthika. "Mayiko" awa amachita mosiyana. Pa December 10, bungwe la Mzinda wa Moscow linapereka mtsogoleri wa asilikali ku Soviet Union, popeza kugwirizana kwake ndi midzi ya kumidzi kunalibefooka komanso kunalibe ntchito.

"Suppressors" a Revolution

Patangotha masiku angapo chigamulocho chisanachitike, Kazembe Wamkulu wa ku Moscow anasankha Vice-Admiral Fedor Dubasov. Msilikali wa zaka 60 anakhala wotchuka pa nkhondo ya Russo-Turkish mu 1878-1879. Komabe, pambuyo pa kampaniyo, msilikaliyo sanadziwike ndi chirichonse chodabwitsa. Mu 1905, kumayambiriro kwa dzikoli, adagwira nawo mbali pozunza anthu a m'madera akumidzi.

Kazembe Wamkulu wa ku Moscow Dubasov Nicholas II adayamika chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa Sergei Witte. Pogwira ntchito, asilikali adalonjeza kuti asadzanyoze ngakhale zovuta kwambiri komanso zoopsa kwambiri polimbana ndi revolution. Kotero iye anachita mu December 1905, pokhala kuti opandukawo anali chinthu chowonekera kwambiri cha tsarist reaction. Dubasov sanali kudziwika ndi kukula kwa maganizo a ndale. Iye anali wotsutsa-Semiti ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti kusinthako kunkagwiridwa ndi mabungwe achiyuda.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa nkhondo ya Moscow ku Moscow kunkapanda kuchitika popanda bwanamkubwa wa Moscow Vladimir Dzhunkovsky. Msilikali wa zaka 40 anali mtsogoleri wa Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, yemwe anamwalira kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1905 chifukwa cha kuukira kwa zigawenga za Red Square. Poyerekeza ndi Dubasov, adali munthu wosasinthasintha komanso wamphamvu. Panthawi ya chiwawa, Djunkovsky anapulumuka mayesero angapo omwe analephera.

Chiwerengero ndi zida za opanduka

Olemba mbiri alibe mbiri yeniyeni yeniyeni yowonongeka kwa asilikali omwe anatsogolera nkhondo ya December ku Moscow ku misewu ya First Holy See. Mwachidule, malingaliro osiyanasiyana atangoyamba kumene, chiwerengero cha asilikaliwa chinali anthu 1,700. Pamapeto pa nkhondoyi, chiŵerengerochi chinafikira 8,000. Pofuna kuwathandiza okondedwa awo, amzanga ochokera kumatauni pafupi ndi Moscow anabwera ku Moscow: Kolomna, Mytishchi, Perova, Lyubertsy.

Apolisi omwe anali ndi zida zankhondo adagawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu angapo. Panali gulu la "akatswiri": Bolshevik, Socialist-Revolutionary, Menshevik, Caucasian, wophunzira, typographical, sitima, etc. Zowononga zigawenga zomwe sizinali zoyenera - zinali zochepa kwambiri ndi zida za asilikali a boma. Kwa mbali zambiri, opandukawo anapita kunkhondo ndi a rebelli, kusaka mfuti, mfuti za nkhondo. Amakonda kwambiri zida zozizira ndi mabomba a manja, omwe amatchedwa "Macedonians".

Ambiri a alonda ankazunza zida zawo. Mosiyana ndi asilikali apadera, iwo analibe chidziwitso chokwanira. Pamene chipwirikiti cha nkhondo cha December chimachitika ku Moscow, akatswiri okhwima maganizo kwambiri adaphunzitsa anzawo kuti aziwombera ndi luso lina liti. Komabe, otsutsawo sanathe kulimbikitsa maphunziro awa.

Mbiri yotsutsana

M'masiku otentha a December 10 mpaka 19, nkhondo yomenyana ndi December, mwachidule, inali nkhondo yowonongeka. Unali mawonekedwe okongola, ophatikizapo zambirimbiri. Zomwe mbali ziwirizi zinkachitika nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chisokonezo komanso chisokonezo, zomwe sizingawononge anthu osowa. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti m'masiku oyambirira nzika zodziwika za ku Moscow, ngati sakumvera chisoni asilikaliwo, akadakhala osalowerera ndale. Komabe, pamene mkangano unayamba kukankhira kunja, anthu ambiri anali ozunguzika ndi mwazi.

Pa December 10, zochitika zodabwitsa kwambiri zinachitika pakatikati pa mzindawu. Pa Kalanchevskaya Square ndi Tverskaya Street panali kupha anthu ambiri. Anthu zikwizikwi-amphamvu a ogwira ntchito a Trehgornaya Manufactory adalimbikitsa Cossacks ku Presnya. Pa December 11-12, nkhondo inafalikira pa mzinda wonsewo. Mzinda wa Moscow wachitetezo choukira nkhondo unalowa pachimake. Pa dongosolo la Dubasov, kuyambira tsiku la 12, kufufuza kwa anthu amene adadutsa mumsewu atatha maola 18 adalembedwa. Chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha tsikulo chinali nkhondo ku Pyatnitskaya Street, pafupi ndi nyumba yosindikizira ya Sytin (nyumbayi inawotchedwa pansi).

Nzikazo zinalangizidwa kuti zitseke zipata za nyumbayo kuti osinthawo asathe kuthawa. Anthu omwe adatuluka mumsewu madzulo kapena usiku adalandira ndalama zokwana 3,000 rubles kapena anamangidwa kwa miyezi itatu. Munthu akhoza kuphedwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa telegraph ndi mafoni. Chifukwa cha izi ndi zochitika zina, akuluakulu a boma adawopseza anthuwo ndikuletsa kukula kwa anthu ambiri opanduka a ku Moscow.

Anthu ambiri omwe ankasintha maganizo awo omwe anali pamtima pa zochitika za Moscow pambuyo pake anakhala amphona a mauthenga a boma mu Soviet Union. Pa nthawi yomweyi, anthu a Socialist-Revolutionaries ndi a Mensheviks amavomereza ndipo mwadala mwaiwala. Komabe, mu 1905, otsutsa onse a mphamvu za tsarist adasonyeza kukhulupirika kwawo. Zozizwitsa za kulimba mtima zimakumbukiridwa ndi akazi. Ena mwa iwo anali alongo ndi akazi a antchito, ophunzira komanso ophunzira ena a masewera olimbitsa thupi. Atsikanawo amapereka chithandizo choyamba kwa ovulazidwa ndipo adagwira nawo ntchito yokonza chakudya cha omvera.

Zochitika za Petersburg

Pa December 13, mzindawu unamizidwa kachiwiri phokoso la zida zamoto. Motero, kuukira boma kwa December ku Moscow kunapitiriza kuyaka moto. Kufotokozera mwachidule ku St. Petersburg zomwe zikuchitika mumzinda wakale, Dubasov adapitiriza kuonjezera anthu okondanawo. Pa December 13, nkhondo zinapitilira pafupi ndi Prokhorov Manufactory pa Presnya. 14 ndi 15 mwa chiwerengerocho sichinaime, koma ndiye ndiye zizindikiro zoyamba za kuti maphwando anali atatopa ndi nkhondo ya chigawenga inaonekera. Kuwukira uku kunayamba kutaya kwambiri ndipo tsopano kumapitirizabe kukhala ndi inertia.

Ngakhale kuti ku Moscow kunachitika mwazi, chigamulo cha nkhondoyo chinasankhidwa ku St. Petersburg. Ku likululikulu, chigwirizano chinayambanso, momwe anthu 130,000 anagawana nawo. Komabe, ku St. Petersburg, zochitika zandale zinayamba kuchepa ngakhale pamaso pa Moscow. Chotsatira chake, anthu a mumzinda wa Neva sakanatha kuthandizira opandukawo mu Amayi See.

Asanayambe kumenya nkhondo, inalepheretsanso chifukwa akuluakulu a boma adagwira anthu akuluakulu a Social Democrats ndi Socialist-Revolutionaries pasadakhale. Alonda oyang'anira anagwira ntchito zokambirana, kumene dynamite inapangidwa. Apolisi anapeza mabomba okwana 500 okonzeka. Zida zonsezi ku St. Petersburg sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito konse. Muzinthu zambiri, chifukwa cha kulephera kwa anthu ogwirizanitsa zikuluzikulu, ku Moscow komwe kunali nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo mwachibadwa mwachibadwa kunalephera. Kufuula kwachidule ku khoti lachifumu kunali kokwanira kutumiza kumudzi wopanduka pa December 15. Panthawiyo ku Moscow kunali zida ziwiri za kusintha kwapadera - Kazan Railway ndi Presnya. Kumeneko asilikali ankhondo anasonkhana pamodzi.

Kuwonongedwa kwa Presnya

Pakatikati pa chipwirikiti cha nkhondo cha December ku Moscow chinali chikhalire ku sukulu ya Fidler, ndipo chisokonezocho chinakwanira kwambiri, Nicholas II adayendetsa ntchito. Malingana ndi lamulo lake la pa 11 December, gulu la ovota linakula, liwu lawo linasankhidwa mu chisankho cha boma la Duma (pambuyo pa kukonzanso anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito zapakati ndi zazing'ono analandira ufulu wovota). Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, asilikaliwo analoledwa kupha opandukawo ndi zida zamoyo.

December 15 ku Moscow kuchokera ku likulu lija anafika alonda Semenovsky regiment. Tsiku lotsatira, opaleshoni inayamba kufutitsa Presnya kuchokera kwa oyang'anira. Pa 21, kumapeto kwakutentha kwachitetezo kunathetsedwa. Tsiku lomwelo, asilikaliwo ankanena kuti anthu akuukira Kazan Railway. Ambiri omwe anawombola boma anawombera popanda kuimbidwa mlandu. Kuwidwa mtima kumbali zonsezo kunadutsa malire. Maulendowa adathamangitsidwa kumbuyo kwawo, ndipo kuphedwa kunachitika popanda kukhudzidwa ndi osinthika. Asilikali a boma omwe anayeretsa Presnya anatsogoleredwa ndi mkulu wa Semenovsky Regiment, Georgy Ming, ndipo gulu lina linanso, Ladozhsky. Kukana kwa opandukawo kunali kovuta. Nyumba iliyonse inkayenera kutengedwa ndi mphepo. Moto umene unayambitsa Presnya pa December 17 unafotokoza Moscow lonse.

Pakati pa kukana kwa ankhondo anali Prokhorovskaya Trekhgornaya Manufactory. Ndiko komwe kunatsala otsala a ku Moscow ambiri. Anagwirizanitsa chiwerengero cha "Bear". Othandizirawo amatchedwa SR Mikhail Sokolov. Pomwe mapeto adutsa, Presnia adatetezedwa ndi anthu 200.

Kutambasula

Ndi kubera reinforcements ku likulu Moscow, zinadziwika kuti pakapita nthawi kugonja December kugalukira zida. Mapeto tsiku nkhondo, amene adasonkhana pafupifupi onse azambiriyakale - pa 21 December. Wina 15 oyamba anaganiza kuti asiye zakukanira Mensheviks. Kenako anaitana pa gulu lake n'kutsamira manja awo ndi Socialist-boma ndi Bolsheviks.

madokotala Union amene ankagwira ntchito mumzinda masiku a ankhondo kwambiri, akuti nkhondo zinapha miyoyo ya pang'ono anthu oposa 1 zikwi. , Kupha ana 86 ndipo akazi 137. Ambiri mwa anthu anali anthu wamba ndipo anaima. asilikali anataya anapha anthu 28, apolisi - anthu 36.

Atangobadwa yimitsira la kupanduka ndi Khirisimasi. Moscow anagwira mkangano chikondwerero. Anthu ambiri a m'dziko anayesera mwamsanga kuiwala zimene zinachitika ndi kubwerera kwa munthu wamba. Pang'onopang'ono anakhala gawo la mbiri December kugalukira zida. Zimayambitsa nkhondo ndi zotsatira anapanga mbali ya zisinthe kufooketsa ntchito zawo. Kugalukira anali kufika pachimake cha zochitika za 1905-1907. Pambuyo anachita pagulu. Komanso, mwa Socialist-boma, ndi Bolsheviks ndi Mensheviks, mosiyana ndi mwambo, panalibe nkhondo mkati ndi kufunafuna mlandu pogonjetsedwa. Otsutsa akuluakulu anali otsimikiza kuti lonse kulimbana ndi boma tsarist zili mkudza.

The zipolowe m'chigawocho

Ngakhale khalidwe aliyense wa December kugalukira zida zachokera zochitika mu Moscow, mu masiku a zachiwawa zinachitika pa periphery wa dziko. Izi zinachitika ngakhale ngakhale kuti si Democrats Social kapena Socialist-boma Sapita bungwe kanthu wopandukayo kudutsa Russia. M'chigawo cha Moscow kuphana anazindikira ndi malipoti lalifupi mu nyuzipepala, alendo kapena makalata munthu.

Komabe, lonse dziko ankakumana nazo kudzikayikira proletarian umodzi. Choncho matumba ka kupanduka anaonekera m'mizinda yambiri ya dziko. Mu December, chisangalalo chinapululutsa Rostov pa-Don, Sormovo, Kharkov, Novorossiysk, Donbass Gorlovka. The waukulu kwambiri m'chigawochi ndi December zida chiwembu mu Motovilikha - m'mudzi mafakitale pafupi Perm.

Zotsatira za zochitika December

Monga tanena zochitika mu Moscow mu December 1905 amakakamizidwa Nicholas II kuti ena angayambe kukukhulupirirani ndale. chifaniziro ake mu State Duma analandira proletariat ndi bourgeoisie. Antchito amene analankhula ndi boma, choyamba nkhondo mpumulo wa kantchito. Pambuyo chiwembu kulikonse kuchuluka malipiro ndi tsiku ntchito zochepa maola 10. M'mudzi alimi utakwaniritsa chiyembekezo chakuti ya malipiro chiwombolo kwa landlords lapansi.

Kugalukira mu Moscow kachiwiri kutero moyo ndale Russia. Ngati bowa pambuyo mvula anayamba kuoneka chipani. Madzulo a zisinthe panali 35 mabungwe amenewa. Pambuyo Moscow chipolowe ndi zochitika zina za 1905-1907. chipani Amawerenga alipo. Mu ichi n'kale lonse Western mayiko mofulumira kukula kutchuka kwa kopitilira muyeso - .. The Bolsheviks, ndi Socialist-boma, etc. anali chapatsogolo chiwembu ndipo ndayamba azilandira kutchuka mu yotakata proletarian mabwalo.