Paulo 1: ndondomeko mkati ndi achilendo, ulamuliro

Mbiri 1 Paulo anayamba kwenikweni ndi chakuti Mfumukazi Elizaveta Petrovna, asanakwatirane mwana wamkazi wa Peter Wamkulu ndi Catherine Woyamba (womwe poyamba akuyenera zakhala Baltic wamba), popanda ana awoawo, anaitanidwa tsogolo Atate Pavel Russia. Anabadwa mu mzinda German wa Kiel, kp Ulrih Golshteyn-Gottorp, Duke analandira ubatizo m'dzina la Petro. Izi khumi ndi zinayi (pa nthawi ya kuitana), mnyamatayo anali mphwake wa Elizabeth ndipo anali ndi ufulu onse Swedish ndi mpando wachifumu Russian.

anali ndani bambo wa Paulo I - chinsinsi

Tsar Paulo 1, monga anthu onse, mukhoza kusankha makolo awo. mayi wake m'tsogolo anafika ku Russia ku Prussia pa zaka 15, Kuchokela pamawu a mfumu Frederick II, ngati mkwatibwi kuthekera kwa Duke Ulrich. Pali iye analandira dzina la Orthodox Ekaterina (Alekseevna), anakwatira mu 1745 ndipo zaka zinayi zokha kenako anabereka mwana wamwamuna, Paulo. History wasiya maganizo anagawa za bambo zotheka wa Paulo Woyamba. Ena amakhulupirira kuti Catherine anamuda mwamuna wake, choncho bambo ndiye wokonda Sergei Saltykov Catherine. Ena amakhulupirira kuti bambo ake anali akadali Ulrich (Peter III), chifukwa pali zoonekeratu ndi chithunzi chikhalidwe, koma amadziwanso Catherine ankadana kwambiri ndi mwana wake, yemwe mwina inayamba chifukwa cha chidani kwa atate wake. Paulo sanali mayi ake, nayenso, mu moyo wake. Paulo majini Kupenda zotsalira akhala sizinachitike, choncho ndendende kukhazikitsa bambo wa tsar Russian sizingatheke.

kubadwa kuwayamikira chaka chonse

Tsogolo Mfumu Paulo 1 mwana mosatsata chikondi cha kholo kwambiri, monga agogo ake Elizabeth, mwamsanga pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, anatenga mwana Catherine ndi m'manja chisamaliro cha anamwino ndi aphunzitsi. Iye anali mwana yaitali kwa dziko lonse, chifukwa pambuyo Peter Wamkulu Russian autocrats kuti anali ndi mavuto ndi kupitiriza kwa mphamvu chifukwa chosowa kuchiyang'anira. Maphwando ndi makombola pa kubadwa kwake mu Russia inatenga chaka.

Wozunzidwayo loyamba la chiwembu la nyumba yachifumu

Elizabeth ndinabwezera chithokozo kwa Catherine kwa kubereka mwana ioneka ndalama - 100 zikwi rubles koma mayiyo anasonyeza mwana wake miyezi isanu ndi umodzi basi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake. Chifukwa chosowa mayi wina pafupi ndi kupusa kwambiri mwakhama utumiki wa ndodo yake, Paulo 1, mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo palibe zomveka osiyana m'tsogolo, Ndinakulira n'zaka kwambiri, chowawa ndi mitsempha-wracking. Pa zaka 8 (mu 1862), kalonga wamng'ono bambo ake anamwalira, amene anayamba kulamulira mu 1861 pambuyo pa imfa ya Elizabeth anaphedwa chaka chotsatira mu chiwembu yachifumu.

Zaka zoposa makumi atatu pamaso pa ulamuliro malamulo

Tsar Paulo 1 anali kwa nthawi maphunziro abwino kwambiri, limene kwa zaka zambiri sakanatha kuchita. Mu zaka zinayi, ngakhale pansi Elizabeth, anaphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndiye iye zinenero zingapo yachilendo, kudziŵa masamu ntchito sayansi, ndi mbiri. Mwa aphunzitsi ake anali F. Behteev, S. Poroshin, Panin, ndi malamulo wa ulemerero wake m'tsogolo Metropolitan wa Moskovskiy Platon. Ukulu Paulo anali kale mu 1862 ndi ufulu mpando wachifumu, koma mayi ake, m'malo regency, anadza kwa mphamvu ndi thandizo la alonda, ananena yekha Catherine II ndi malamulo zaka 34.

Paulo 1 Mfumu wakwatiwa kawiri. Nthawi yoyamba - mu zaka 19 Augustin-Wilhelmina (Natalia Alekseevna), amene anafa ali ndi mwana pobereka. Kachiwiri - m'chaka cha imfa ya mkazi wake woyamba (monga anaumirira Catherine) Sophia-Augusta-Louise vyurtemberskoy kalonga (Maria Feodorovna), amene adzabereka ana khumi, Paulo. ana wake wamkulu kuvutika tsoka yemweyo monga iye - adzathandiza kuti maphunziro awo akulamulira agogo, ndipo ali osowa kuwaona. Kuwonjezera ana anabadwa mu banja mpingo, Paulo Simoni mwana wa chikondi chake choyamba - buthulo ulemu Sofi Ushakovoy ndi wamkazi wa L. Bagart.

mayi ake ankafuna kumuchititsa mpando wake wachifumu

1 Pavel Romanov anakwera mpando wachifumu ali ndi zaka 42, atamwalira mayi wake (Catherine anafa sitiroko a) mu November 1796. Ndi nthawi iyi anali ndi ya maganizo ndi makhalidwe amene anafotokozedwa tsogolo lake ndi tsogolo la Russia mpaka 1801. zaka khumi ndi zitatu asanamwalire Catherine, mu 1783, Yehova kusanduka osachepera ubwenzi wake ndi mayi wake (kudanenedwa kuti akufuna kumuchititsa ufulu wake wachifumu) ndi Pavlovsk anayamba kumanga chitsanzo chake cha boma chipangizo. Pa zaka 30, Catherine anaumirira, iye familiarized yekha ndi ntchito za Voltaire, Hume, Montesquieu, etc. Chifukwa cha mfundo yake ya view anali kutsatira :. Mu boma ayenera kukhala "yamtendere aliyense ndi onse," pokhapokha ngati monarchical boma.

Coalition ndi Europe mu ulamuliro wa

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Gatchina, inathetsedwa pa nthawi ya milandu, mfumu tsogolo chinkhoswe kuphunzitsa battalions asilikali. chikondi chake chifukwa cha usilikali ndipo mu gawo adzaona kodi yachilendo Politika Pavla 1. Kodi ndi mtendere ndithu, poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya Catherine Wamkulu, koma maloposledovatelnoy. Paulo woyamba kumenyana chosintha France (ndi nawo Suvorova A. V.), pamodzi ndi Britain, Turkey, Austria, etc., Ndiye anaswa pangano ndi Austria ndi asilikali ku Europe. Kuyesa kupita pa ulendo ndi pamodzi ndi Britain ku Netherlands analephera.

1 Paulo ankalimbikitsa Order ya Malta

Kamodzi 1799 Bonaparte mu France, anaikira mu manja ake mphamvu yonse, ndi mosavuta kufalitsa zisinthe chinazilala, anayamba kuyang'ana ogwirizana mu maiko ena. Ndipo ine ndinapeza, kuphatikizapo mu nkhope ya Mfumu Russian. Pa nthawi imeneyo, France ankakambirana ndi navies ndi mgwirizano pamodzi. Lina Politika Pavla 1 mu nyengo ya kutha kwa ulamuliro wake anali wolumikizana ndi mapangidwe komaliza kwa Mgwirizano ndi Britain, limene amakalipa kwambiri zinthu pa nyanja (anaukira Malta, pamene Paulo anali Grand Mwini Order ya Malta). Choncho, m'chaka cha 1800 pakati pa Russia ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya anali mgwirizano umene kupita naye mfundo England chosalowerera ndale zida.

ntchito n'komwe asilikali

Paulo 1, mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo amene sanali sankamvetsa bwinobwino ngakhale ndi anamuperekeza wake, anafuna kupweteka Britain ndiponso katundu Indian pa nthawi imeneyo. Iye anatumiza kukaona ku Central Asia ku Don asilikali (za 22.500 anthu), ndipo ndinakhala ntchito kuti iwo akhala ku dera la Indus ndi Ganges, ndi "kusokonezedwa" kwa English kumeneko, popanda kugwira anthu otsutsa British. Ndi nthawi kulibe ngakhale mapu a malo, kotero kampeni ku India anathetsa mu 1801, atamwalira Paulo, ndi asirikali anabwerera kuchokera steppes pafupi Astrakhan, kumene iwo afika kale.

Ulamuliro wa Paulo 1 zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro chakuti mu zaka zisanu zapitazi pa dera la Russia palibe nkhondo yachilendo kunachitika, komanso akupeza sitinapange iliyonse. Komanso, mfumu, kusamalira zofuna za Ankhondo a Malta, pafupifupi anakokera dziko mu zimasemphana ndi wamphamvu mphamvu panyanja ya nthawi - England. The British N'kutheka adani ake ofunika kwambiri, pamene chisoni chachikulu chimene anali nacho kwa Prussia poona gulu la asilikali ndi a m'mayiko anthu abwino ake (amene n'zosadabwitsa anapatsidwa chiyambi chake).

Kuchepetsa moto ngongole pagulu

M'banja Politika Pavla 1 umalimbana kuyesa kusintha moyo ndi kumapangitsanso kuti choonadi Russian. Makamaka, iye ankakhulupirira kuti chuma limabweretsa dziko, osati kwa iye, monga Mfumu ndi. Choncho inalamula kuti kusungunula ndalama mu amakhazikitsa siliva ena Zima Palace ndi kutentha mbali ya pepala ndalama rubles miliyoni kuchepetsa ngongole anthu. Iye anali womasuka kwa anthu kuposa anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo, ndipo otsatira ndi kukhoma pa mpanda wa bokosi nyumba yachifumu popereka zopempha wopita kwa iye amene nthawi zambiri anagwa caricatures wa mfumu, ndi lampoons.

Zachilendo mwambo mitembo

ulamuliro Paulo unali wotchuka ndi 1 ndi kusintha mu ankhondo, kumene anayambitsa mtundu umodzi, malangizo ogwirizana ndi zida kukhulupirira kuti m'nthawi ya asilikali mayi wake sunali wa ankhondo, ndipo basi khamu. Ambiri, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zambiri zimene Paulo anachita, anachitira ngakhale mayi ake anamwalira. Panali kuposa zochitika zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, anayamba kulamulira, anatenga kuchokera mmanda zotsalira za bambo ake anaphedwa Peter III. Ndiye sokoronoval phulusa la atate wake ndi mtembo mayi, kuwayika korona pa bokosi atate wake, pamene mkazi wake, Maria Fyodorovna anaika korona wina pa akufa Catherine. Kenako, mabokosi awiri kusamutsidwa kwa Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral, amene umapha Peter III, werengani Orlov, onyamula bokosi pamaso pa korona wachifumu. zotsalira anali m'manda, kusonyeza tsiku m'manda.

Paulo 1, amene ulamuliro sunakhalitse, chifukwa chosadziwa zinthu zimenezi wabweza ambiri. Ndi zaluso anayambitsa iye m'madera osiyana sanazichite thandizo la chilengedwe. Mfumu inalamula ku ntchito zake zonse. Mumadziwika nkhani, pamene iye adampasa mutu wa msilikali loti woyamba yekha osati onyamula zida ake ankhondo. Pambuyo Zikatero, mwambo wa asilikali anayamba kwambiri. malamulo Ovuta anayesetsa kuphunzutsa Paulo ndi anthu wamba, loletsa kuvala masitaelo a mavalidwe ndi wovuta avale zinthu German chitsanzo mtundu makamaka ndi kupatsidwa kukula kolala.

mfundo zoweta 1 Paulo kukhudzidwa ndi maphunziro, kumene monga momwe amaganizira, iye anali ofunika kwambiri kuwongolera mkhalidwe wa chinenero cha Chirasha. Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu wa mfumu analetsa florid mawu, inalamula kulankhula mu kulemba momveka bwino ndi chabe. Iye adatchithisira chikoka French pa anthu Russian ndi loletsa mabuku chinenero (kunachitika, monga iye anakhulupirira), ankaletsa ngakhale kusewera makhadi. Komanso, mu ulamuliro wake, anaganiza kutsegula sukulu zambiri ndi makoleji kubwezeretsa University of Dorpat, kutsegula Medico-Zopangira Academy ku St. Petersburg. Mwa anzake anali ngati umunthu zakuda, monga Arakcheev, ndi G. Derzhavin, A. Suvorov, N. Saltykov, Speransky ndi ena.

Monga mfumu ya wamba anathandiza

Komabe, Paulo 1, amene ulamuliro - 1796-1801, anali osatchuka kuposa otchuka m'mibadwo yake. Kusamalira wamba, amene moyenerera ankaona breadwinners a makalasi ena onse a anthu, anayambitsa atatu tsiku serfdom ndi anamasula alimi ntchito Lamlungu. Mwa njira imeneyi anakhumudwitsa mkwiyo wa landlords Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia, ndi kusakhutira a wamba mu Ukraine, kumene serfdom pa nthawi sanali, koma iye anaonekera kwa masiku atatu. The nzika anali wosasangalala ndi chiletso ndi osiyana mabanja m'mphawi pa malonda, lamulo la kuzunzidwa, kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito ku wamba kusunga mahatchi ankhondo ndi kugulitsa iwo pa yafupika mitengo ya mkate ndi mchere m'matangadza boma. Paulo 1, mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo amene anali kosagwirizana, nthawi yomweyo analamula wamba kumvera nzika zonse pansi pa kuopa chilango.

Siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la mwayi wa amazikonda anthu otchuka

Russian autocrat kuwinduka pakati pa malamulo oletsa ndi zilolezo kuti mwina chifukwa cha kupha munthu wotsatira wa Paulo 1. Iye anatseka nyumba yonse payekha kusindikiza kuti panalibe mwayi kufalitsa mfundo za French kuukira boma, koma anapereka pogona ku French olemekezeka udindo wapamwamba monga Kalonga wa Conde, kapena tsogolo Ludwig Eighth . Iye analetsa chilango ogwirika kwa otchuka, koma anayambitsa iwo kutsatira rubles makumi awiri ndi moyo ndi msonkho kwa yokonza kuboma.

Yochepa ulamuliro wa Paulo 1 zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga kuletsedwa kwa yosiya ntchito za akulu, amene anatumikira chaka, loletsa pa kotunga gulu zopempha otchuka, chiyembekezo chakuti khamu otchuka m'madera milandu ndi olemekezeka, amene kupewa utumiki. Mfumu mpata wamba boma analembedwa anthuŵa ndi amalonda, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira ya masika.

Kwenikweni anayambitsa galu kuswana mu Russia

Kodi ntchito ngakhale anapanga mbiri 1 Paulo, mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo ndi - ndi ludzu masinthidwe lonse? The Russian Tsar analola yomanga kachisi wa Old Okhulupirira chikhulupiriro (paliponse), kukhululukira Zitsulo, amene ankachita nawo chiwembu Kosciuszko, anayamba kugula kunja Mitundu watsopano wa agalu ndi nkhosa, kukhazikitsidwa zoona, galu. Nkofunika ndipo lamulo la motsatizana lomwe lilibe kuthekera kukwera wachifumu wa akazi ndi amakhazikitsa ndondomeko regency lapansi.

Komabe, ndi zinthu zonse zabwino, mfumu inali osatchuka pakati pa anthu amene analenga preconditions kwa zoyesayesa mobwerezabwereza pa moyo wake. Paulo 1 kupha The chidaperekedwa ndi akapitawo a regiments angapo mu March 1801. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti chiwembu + mfumu kuwathandiza boma la Britain, amene sanafune Russia kulimbikitsa Chimatisi dera. KUKHALA NAWO PA zochita za ana ake sichinayambe kutsimikiziridwa, koma zana la 19, zofooka kuphunzira mu Russia mu ulamuliro wa mfumu kuyamba.