Kodi msewu? Misewu ndi njanji.

Nkhaniyi imafotokoza zimene msewu, kodi mitundu ndi. ndi kufunika kwa njira zolankhulirana chiyani? Kodi misewu akale anapulumuka?

The Kale

Kuyambira kale, pamene matauni woyamba ndi midzi, anthu anazindikira kufunika misewu otetezeka. Makamaka kufunika cholimba wawonekera ndi chitukuko ubale malonda ndi ntchito asilikali, monga izo zinali mu Ufumu wa Roma.

Poyamba, misewu onse anali chiyambi zachilengedwe ndi malo inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka nataptyvaniya pamwamba. Mwa njira, izi zikuchitikabe lonse. Koma iwo anakhala unusable pamene nyengo (mvula, yozizira) kusintha. Ndipo kayendedwe chinakhalamo siikhala yotere ndawala monga mwa nthawi yathu: msewu zambiri atachuluka banal. Kodi zikutanthauza msewu, ngati ife titembenukira kwa dikishonare? mtengo wake ndi chiyani, kupatula chomasuka kayendedwe? Pamene mwala pa msewu? Izi ndi zimene tidzakambirana m'nkhani.

Kodi msewu: tanthawuzo

Malinga ndi mawu Buku msewu - ndiyo njira kulankhulana kwa anthu kapena magalimoto, amene kwakukulukulu ndi zomangamanga otukuka.

Mwachibadwa, woyambirira Misewu kukhala sakanakhoza, zimene tikudziwa kanthu. Koma pakati yokumba komanso njira likupezeka pa zimene tsopano ndi England ndi ku Mesopotamiya, pafupifupi zaka masiku awo ku IV Zakachikwi BC. e. Limodzi mwa mabuku akale ankaona kachiwiri mu England anapeza msewu, amene analandira dzina zokoma Track. Ine anasunga izo, chifukwa inamangidwa pa kusanjika nthaka thundu mbiya, phulusa ndi zokometsera. Tsopano ife tikudziwa chomwe msewu. Mwa njira, ndi njira zofanana pa milatho ndi misewu ya Moscow wakale. Monga zowola ndi fupa lothyoka superimposed wosanjikiza atsopano. Pali kopanda kuti mbali zina za mzinda ndi chifukwa ili ndi mamita angapo pamwamba.

Kufunika mizere odalirika kulankhulana chiyani osadzuka chifukwa cha kufunitsitsa kupita n'zosavuta ndi kusangalala, osati kuyang'ana pa mapazi ake, ndi chifukwa cha chitukuko zoyendera wagon-. Ndipo mwa njira, kupenda funso, kodi msewu, tiyenera kutchula mfundo zosangalatsa. M'lifupi mwa misewu ya Aroma, omwe adamangidwa mu Europe, masamu pa magaleta ankhondo, ndi njirayi wakhala kwambiri kwa thoroughfares magalimoto m'tsogolo. Ena a iwo akupezeka masiku ano, mwachitsanzo, zotsalira za mzinda wakale wa Pompeii.

Patapita zaka pafupifupi ziwiri zaka pambuyo injini nthunzi anatulukira, ndi njira yotero waperekedwa kayendedwe, ngati njanji.

sitima

Mu United States mu 1830, pang'ono kenako mu Russian Ufumu unayamba kuonekera pa njanji choyamba. Mu dziko lathu, ndi mzere woyamba linayambira ku St. Petersburg kuti Tsarskoye Selo. Koma nanga n'chifukwa umenewu njira yokwera mtengo wa zomangamanga?

Chinthu ndi nthawi, ndipo ngakhale lero misewu imeneyi ndi pakati pa odalirika kwambiri. Kale pa chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano mu sitima yoyamba wosazindikira magalimoto katundu anali otsika zokwanira. Komanso, akukhala maulendo ataliatali akhoza kuchitidwa kokha pa ngolo kapena zombo, mayendedwe sitima anali kusintha kwenikweni. Kotero tsopano ife tikudziwa chomwe msewu, kuphatikizapo zitsulo, nanga kufunika kwake.

Ndipo lero, ngakhale chitukuko cha ndege ndi bwino misewu, sitima kukhala yofunika njira ndi chuma china. Iwo ali wodzichepetsa mu mawonekedwe a mafuta, ndipo ngakhale sitima akale nthunzi kubwera kugwira ngati n'koyenera, zomwe angachite wina wa malasha ndi madzi.

The njanji ali m'mayiko onse, ndi kwa chiwerengero cha underdeveloped ndi pafupifupi njira yokhayo kuzungulira dziko anthu wamba ndi mayendedwe a katundu. Ndipo mu India, ndi njira, okwera kukwera ngakhale pa ntsoyi ya galimoto, chifukwa cha zimene zambiri kufa.

Mumadziwika sitima msewu

Mwina wotchuka kwambiri ngati msewu - ichi Trans-Siberia Railway, yomwe ili chopingasa pa dziko lonse. Ndi motalika mu dziko. Komanso ponena ndi kumanga odzitukumula wa Bam mtengo - ndi Baikal-Amur Mainline.

M'misewu

Ndi chitukuko lonse zoyendera ndipo panali kufunika apamwamba ndi magalimoto yosalala pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Ndipotu, kodi pochitika kavalo ndi ngolo, galimoto akanakhoza mwaima mu matope. Ndipo Kuphunzira osauka chinathandiza avale mofulumira mbali injini ndi kuyimitsidwa.

Apaulendo ulusi entangle pafupifupi dziko lonse, kumene dziko. Koma nyanja - si vuto, mu nkhani iyi, kuthandiza milatho yaitali.

Misewu Amenenso ndi kulipira: ndalama ali ndi udindo pofuna kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha "zoonjezera" Transport ndi zonse kukhala phula chinsalu bwino, popanda kuyembekezera yokonza wa oyang'anira tauni.

Palinso kusiyana ndi misewu ndi onse omwe cholinga ndi misewu. Yotsirizira yodziwika ndi magulu angapo, palibe zopinga mu mawonekedwe a mayendedwe sitima ndi kuwoloka sitima.