Dongosolo la wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi ntchito ka ndondomeko ya dzuwa

N'chifukwa chiyani udzu, ndipo masamba pa mitengo yobiriwira? Mlandu chlorophyll. Inu mukhoza kutenga chingwe cholimba cha chidziwitso ndipo menyanani naye mu ankadziwa amphamvu.

nkhani

Patapita ulendowu pang'ono mu zaka zochepa zapitazi. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou ndi Pierre Zhozef Pellete - ndicho amene muyenera chanza. Amuna Science anayesa nadzawasankhula pigment zobiriwira za masamba a zomera zosiyanasiyana. Pantchitoyi korona bwino 1817.

Dzina ndi pigment chlorophyll. Kuchokera chloros Greek - wobiriwira ndi phyllon - pepala. Ngakhale takambiranazi, m'zaka za m'ma 20, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Mtundu ndipo ife anazindikira: likukhalira, muli zigawo zingapo chlorophyll.

Anagubuduza mmwamba manja ake, Willstätter anapita kukagwira ntchito. Wodziyeretsa ndi crystallization anaulula zigawo ziwiri. Kuwatcha chabe, Alefa ndi beta (a ndi b). Ntchito m'munda wa phunziro la thunthu mu 1915, iye anapatsidwa mphoto Nobel.

Mu 1940 Hans Fischer adafotokoza kuti padziko lonse kapangidwe chomaliza cha wotchedwa chlorophyll "a". Mfumu kaphatikizidwe Robert Burns Woodward ndi asayansi angapo ku America analandira mu 1960. zobwera chlorophyll. Ndi kuthetsa chinsinsi - kuoneka chlorophyll.

katundu mankhwala

Chilinganizo wotchedwa chlorophyll, anatsimikiza ku magawo experimental, chiri motere: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ mg. Kapangidwe m'gulu organic dicarboxylic asidi (chlorophyllin), ndi mowa methyl ndi phytol. Chlorophyllin - ndi pawiri organometallic ndi ubale umene mwachindunji kuti magniyporfirinam ndipo munali asafe.

COOH

MgN ₄ HA ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Wotchedwa chlorophyll limapezeka Ester chifukwa chakuti mbali zotsala za methyl mowa CH ₃ HA ndi phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ HA m'malo haidrojeni a magulu carboxyl.

Anaika pamwamba chilinganizo structural a Alpha chlorophyll. Taonani bwinobwino, izo Tingaone kuti beta-wotchedwa chlorophyll wina mpweya atomu zambiri koma maatomu wa hydrogen osachepera awiri (Cho gulu m'malo CH _3). Choncho, maselo kulemera Alpha wotchedwa chlorophyll poyerekeza beta lapansi.

Mu pakati pa particles chidwi kwa ife kanthu anakakhala magnesium. Izo zikugwirizana 4 asafe maatomu a magulu pyrrole. System ya pulayimale ndi motsatizana maunyolo awiri zingaoneke mu Mitsemphayi pyrrole.

Chromophore mapangidwe, mwangwiro zikugwirizana kapangidwe ka wotchedwa chlorophyll - izi ndi N. Zimenezi zimathandiza mayamwidwe kunyezimira munthu wa sipekitiramu dzuwa, ndi mtundu wake, ziribe kanthu zomwe tsiku dzuwa yoyaka ngati lawi, ndipo madzulo ngati makala.

Tiyeni tione kukula. Porphyrin pachimake awiri a 10 nm, fitolny mpukutu anali yaitali kuposa 2 nm. Mu phata la, wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi 0,25 nm, ndi microparticles pakati pa magulu pyrrole asafe pang'ono.

Tikumbukenso kuti mankhwala enaake a atomu yomwe ndi mbali ya wotchedwa chlorophyll awiri a nm 0,24 yekha, ndi zayamba kwathunthu chimadzaza danga pakati pa asafe maatomu a magulu pyrrole, zomwe zimachititsa pachimake pa molekyulu ndi kukhala amphamvu kwambiri.

N'zotheka kuti afike pomvetsetsa kuti zigawo ziwiri pansi wopepuka otchedwa Alpha ndi beta, kuphatikizapo wotchedwa chlorophyll (a ndi b).

wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi

Unyinji wachibale wa molekyulu ndi - 893,52. Analenga microcrystals anapambulwa kukhala wakuda ndi kulocha buluu. Pa kutentha madigiri 117-120 Celsius, iwo anasungunuka ndi kusintha mu madzi.

Mofanana Mowa chloroform, acetone ndi benzene ndi kusungunuka mosavuta. Zotsatira kutenga buluu wobiriwira mtundu ndipo ali ofala - wolemera wofiira kuwala. Pang'ono sungunuka mu mafuta efa. madzi sikugwira pachimake pa onse.

Alpha wotchedwa chlorophyll chilinganizo: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ mg. Thunthu mu mankhwala akuphatikizapo amatchedwa Mankhwala. Mu mphete ku asidi propionic, ndicho ake otsala, Ufumuyo phytol.

Ena zomera zamoyo, m'malo wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi maonekedwe analogue. Apa, ndi ethyl gulu (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ pa II mphete pyrrole m'malo ndi vinilu (-CH = CH _2). Chotero molekyulu ndi zizindikiro woyamba ndi gulu vinilu mu mphete imodzi, awiri chachiwiri mphete.

wotchedwa chlorophyll b

Chilinganizo wotchedwa chlorophyll-beta ali mawonekedwe zotsatirazi: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ mg. Kulemera maselo a mankhwala ndi 903. Pa C ₃ mpweya maatomu mu pyrrole mphete ziwiri wapezeka pang'ono mowa wopanda wa hydrogen -HC = O, lomwe lili ndi mtundu wachikasu. Izi ndi wosiyana ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi.

Ife angayesere kudziŵika kuti m'madera wapadera okhazikika selo wotithandiza kuti zake plastids anapitiriza kukhalapo, chloroplasts, kukhala mitundu ingapo ya chlorophyll.

Wotchedwa chlorophyll C ndi D

Mu cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, komanso batsillariofitsievyh ndi kelp anapezeka ndi chlorophyll. Classic porphyrin - ndiko kusiyana pakati pigment izi.

Pakuti algae, mtundu wofiira a wotchedwa chlorophyll d. Ena amakayikira linakhalapo. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ndi chabe wotchedwa chlorophyll alibe mankhwala a. Pa nthawi, tikamanena kuti wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi kalata D - ndicho utoto chinachake chimene photosynthesis prokaryotes.

katundu wa wotchedwa chlorophyll

Atafufuza kwambiri panali umboni kuti mbali ya wotchedwa chlorophyll, wokhala mu mbewu ndi yotengedwa izo, anawona dissimilarity. Wotchedwa chlorophyll zomera zolumukizidwa ndi mapuloteni ndi. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi mawu aŵa:

1. Mayamwidwe sipekitiramu wa wotchedwa chlorophyll mu tsamba lina, ngati Tikayerekeza ndi maphunziro.
2. Koyera mowa kuchokera zouma zomera kufotokozera nkhani kuti zimathandizadi. M'zigawo chimaposa bwinobwino masamba wothiriridwa bwino kapena mowa kuti aposa madzi. Iwo amagwirizana ndi chiswa wotchedwa chlorophyll pansi mapuloteni.
3. Zofunika limachokera ku masamba a zomera, mofulumira anawononga mchikakamizo cha mpweya, ndi asidi wambiri, kuwala kuwala.

Koma wotchedwa chlorophyll zomera kugonjetsedwa zonsezi pamwambapa.

chloroplasts

Zomera, wotchedwa chlorophyll munali 1% ya nkhani youma. Pezani n'zotheka organelles wapadera wa khungu - plastids, lomwe limasonyeza yogawa ndi m'goli la izo mu mbewu. selo plastids, utoto mtundu wobiriwira ndi kukhala wotchedwa chlorophyll, amatchedwa chloroplasts.

chiwerengero cha H ₂ O mu chloroplasts ranges kuchokera pa 58 kufika 75% zolimba zili imakhala mapulotini, lipids, wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi carotenoids.

wotchedwa chlorophyll ntchito

Asayansi apeza lodabwitsa kufanana zida mamolekyulu a wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi hemoglobin - waukulu kupuma chigawo chimodzi cha magazi a anthu. kusiyana pakati claw pawiri mu pigment masamba anayikidwa magnesium ndi hemoglobin - chitsulo.

Pa dzuwa, zomera za dziko zimatenga mpweya woipa zimatulutsa mpweya. Pano pali chinthu china chachikulu cha chlorophyll. Ndi ntchito angayerekezedwe hemoglobin, koma kuchuluka kwa kukhudzana pa thupi la munthu angapo.

Wotchedwa chlorophyll - chomera pigment, omwe amakhudzidwa kuwala ndi TACHIMATA ndi wobiriwira. Chotsatira ndi dzuwa, imene microparticles ake kutembenuza mphamvu dzuwa chosakanikirana ndi maselo chomera mu mphamvu mankhwala.

Mungathe mfundo zotsatirazi kuti dzuwa - ndi mphamvu kutembenuka ndondomeko dzuwa. Ngati anadalira tsiku mudziwe, kuti amatchuka kuti otaya kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala organic kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuwala ndi linakwiriridwa mu magawo atatu.

siteji №1

imeneyi agwirizana mu ndondomeko ya photochemical kuwonongeka kwa madzi, ndi thandizo la chlorophyll. Pali zamoyo wa mpweya maselo.

siteji №2

Apa pali zochita angapo redox. Iwo atenge Kukwezeleza yogwira wa cytochromes ndi otungira ena a ma elekitironi. Chisoni kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kuwala adatengedwa ndi ma elekitironi kwa madzi NADPH jenereta ndi ATP. Apa amasungidwa ndi mphamvu ya kuwala.

siteji №3

Kale anapanga NADPH ndi ATP anayambika kusandutsa mpweya woipa kukhala chakudya. The odzipereka mphamvu ya kuwala kumaphatikizapo zochita za 1 ndi 2 magawo. Zimene otsiriza, wacitatu saonetsa nawo dziko, ndipo anaitana mdima.

Photosynthesis - yekha kwachilengedwenso ndondomeko ya kudutsa kuchokera ufulu ukuwonjezeka mphamvu. Mwachindunji kapena ayi, imapatsa mzimu mankhwala entrepreneurial okhala m'dziko la awiri miyendo, zouluka, wingless, ziweto, ndi zinthu zina.

Hemoglobin ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll

Mamolekyulu wa hemoglobin ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi zovuta, koma pa nthawi yomweyo chimodzimodzi dongosolo atomiki. Common mu dongosolo lawo ndi PROFIN - mphete mphete yaing'ono. Kusiyana m'zimene otrostochkah zaikidwa ndi ProFin ndipo maatomu ili mkati atomu ya ayironi (Fe) mu hemoglobin ku wotchedwa chlorophyll mankhwala enaake a (mg).

Wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi hemoglobin ofanana mu dongosolo, koma kupanga nyumba osiyana mapuloteni. Padziko mankhwala enaake a atomu wotchedwa chlorophyll anapanga padziko chitsulo - hemoglobin. Ngati timatenga madzi wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu ndi kusagwirizana fitolny mchira (20 mpweya unyolo), kusintha mankhwala enaake a chitsulo atomu, ndi pigment wobiriwira wofiira. Chifukwa - kumaliza kwa himogulobini.

Chosakanikirana ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi yachidule ndi yosavuta, chifukwa enieni kufanana izi. thandizo wabwino thupi ndi mpweya njala. Osabwereranso kumeneko mpaka zitanyowetsa mwazi kofunikira micronutrients, choncho ndi bwino kupereka zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa chinthu kwa maselo. Zimachitika yake amasulidwe zipangizo zinyalala, poizoni ndi zinyalala chifukwa kagayidwe achilengedwe. Iwo ali ndi mbali yaikulu pa matalala maselo oyera, akuwayankhula iwo.

Anafotokoza ngwazi mopanda mantha ndi wopanda chitonzo kuteteza kumalimbitsa nembanemba selo, kuthandiza kuti achire minofu connective. Ndi zoyenereza za wotchedwa chlorophyll zingaphatikizepo mofulumira machiritso a zilonda, mabala ndi erosions osiyana. Bwino ntchito m'thupi anatsindika luso kudzagwira matenda pathological DNA mamolekyulu.

A azimuth zabwino mankhwalawa matenda ndi chimfine. Izi si mndandanda wonse wa ntchito zabwino mankhwala akufotokozedwa.