Haploid maselo: makhalidwe, magawano, chulutsa

maselo Haploid - ichi, pa maziko a lomwe lili akonzedwa umodzi DNA. Iwo, kwenikweni, ndi gametes - kutanthauza kuti maselo anafuna kuswana. Komanso haploid ya DNA ndi zamoyo zambiri prokaryotic. maselo Somatic wa eukaryotes (onse kupatula kugonana) - zomera diploid kungakhale polyploid.

Kapangidwe ka maselo prokaryotic

Prokaryotes ndi zamoyo, wopangidwa mwa Gawo limodzi, ndiponso palibe pachimake. Zikuphatikizapo mabakiteriya okha. Ambiri a iwo akhale wosakwatiwa DNA.

Kapangidwe ka maselo eukaryotic chosiyana ndi chakuti ulibe ena organelles lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, iwo alibe mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi zida, vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum. Komabe, monga eukaryotic ndi, prokaryotic haploid selo uli plasma Kakhungu wopangidwa mapulotini phospholipids; ribosomes, nawo chitukuko cha mapuloteni; selo khoma, zomwe nthawi zambiri inamangidwa wa murein. Ndiponso kapisozi akhoza kupezeka ngati dongosolo selo, womwenso zinthu monga mapuloteni ndi shuga. DNA awo tiwolokere momasuka mu cytoplasm, phata, kapena sizikutetezedwa ndi dongosolo lina lililonse. Nthawi zambiri, nkhani cholowa cha mabakiteriya ukufanizidwa ndi khromozomu chimodzi chokha, pa mfundo zake zalembedwa pa mapulotini ndi kupangidwa mwa selo. Njira kafalitsidwe wa zamoyo amenewa - losavuta gulu la maselo haploid. Zimenezi zimawathandiza mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri kuonjezera chiwerengero chawo.

maselo eukaryotic ndi kuika umodzi DNA

Cha mtundu umenewu zamoyo mtima haploid muli maselo otchedwa gametes. Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi somatic lapansi. Kubereka ndi kugonana haploid maselo, ndi thupi latsopano akhoza kuyamba kukhala yekha pa confluence a gametes awiri, apanga ndi anthu osiyanasiyana a mitundu chomwecho.

Kupangidwa ndi maphatikizidwe awiri haploid maselo ndi zygote, izo nazo kale wachiphamaso ya DNA. Ngakhale kuti maselo nyongolosi ndi osiyana diploid somatic, iwo ayenera organelles chibadidwe eukaryotes.

gametes nyama

Kugonana maselo a zamoyo za thupi ufumu, otchedwa umuna ndi dzira. Choyamba opangidwa mu thupi la mwamuna, wachiwiri - wamkazi. Dzira opangidwa mu thumba losunga mazira ndi maselo umuna - mu machende a. Ndipo iwo ndi ena - apadera haploid maselo, amene kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kapangidwe ka dzira

Female maselo kugonana ndi miyeso wokulirapo kusiyana ndi amuna. Iwo lokhazikika. ntchito yaikulu - kupereka zygote kwa nthawi yoyamba zakudya zofunika magawano. Dzira tichipeza cytoplasm, Kakhungu, gelatinous chipolopolo thupi kumalo ozizira ndi phata muli khromozomu onyamula mudziwe cholowa. Komanso mu dongosolo lake lili granules yokhudza kotekisi kuti muli michere, kumathandiza umuna ena mu selo pambuyo umuna, kapena kupangidwa polyploid zygote (ndi patatu, komanso DNA), zimene zikuphatikizapo onse cha masinthidwe.

Dzira mbalame dzira akhoza angaonere, koma muli zakudya zambiri zokwanira kwa kutukula wa mwana wosabadwayo ndi. Female nyongolosi maselo a nyama muli mankhwala ambiri organic, monga mwa magawo ina ya chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo kudzera latuluka, iye walandira zonse zofunika kuchokera kwa amake.

Pankhani ya mbalame si choncho yobweretsa lonse zakudya ayenera poyamba kupezeka mu dzira. Dzira ali ndi dongosolo zovuta zambiri. Pamwamba pa yolk sac ndi chipolopolo mapuloteni ali ndi chipolopolo, zomwe ndi ntchito yake amateteza komanso kupezeka mu dongosolo la chipinda cha mpweya chimene chili chofunika kwa mpweya wosabadwayo.

Kapangidwe ka dontho la umuna

Iyi ndi haploid maselo anafuna kuswana. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kuteteza ndi kufala kwa chuma makolo cholowa. Izi selo haploid ya m'manja kakang'ono kwambiri kuposa dzira, chifukwa chakuti muli palibe zakudya.

Umuna idzafotokoza angapo chachikulu: mchira ndipo mutu wa wapakatikati khadi therebetween. Mchira (bakiteriya udzakhalire) wapangidwa ndi microtubules - nyumba imangidwa ndi mapuloteni. Uyamiko kwa Iye, umuna angachititse kumafano ake - dzira, umene uyenera kukumana.

Wapakatikati anapambulwa pa mutu ndi mchira lili mitochondria, amene anakonza helically mozungulira mbali pakati bakiteriya udzakhalire, ndi nsapato centrioles atagona perpendicular kwa wina ndi mzake.

The choyamba - izo organelles kuti zokolola mphamvu, chimene chili chofunika kayendedwe ka gametes. Mutu umuna ndi ngale amene ali haploid ya DNA (23 anthu). Kunja kwa gawo ili la mwamuna maselo oberekera ndi autosome. Ndipotu, izo pang'ono kusinthidwa, kuchuluka lysosome. Lili michere ofunika umuna akhoza kuyimisa gawo la chipolopolo dzira akunja ndi manyowa. Pambuyo gamete wamwamuna merges ndi mkazi, ndi zygote aumbike amene ali ndi diploid chiwerengero DNA (46 anthu). Amatha kugawanitsa, ndi kupanga therefrom wosabadwayo.

maselo Haploid chomera

Zamoyo izi "ufumu" amakonzedwa ofanana maselo ubereki. Akazi, nawonso, amatchedwa mazira, ndi amuna - umuna. Loyamba ndilochokera pa pistil, ndipo chachiwiri - pa stamen ndi mungu. Pambuyo kukhudzana pa munsi umuna wake zikachitika, ndipo kenako anaumba zipatso ndi mbewu mkati.

Zomera m'munsi (spore) - ndere, Mumapezekanso - pali kusinthana kwa mibadwo. Mmodzi imabereka asexually (spores), ndi zina - pogonana. Woyamba amatchedwa sporophyte, ndipo chachiwiri - gametophyte. Tinachita fern sporophyte zomera ndi mapepala lalikulu, pamene gametophyte - yaing'ono dongosolo wobiriwira mu mawonekedwe a mtima pa izo ndi maselo kugonana anapanga.