Edmund Husserl: yochepa mbiri, chithunzi ntchito yaikulu, makoti

Edmund Husserl (zaka za moyo - 1859-1938) - wotchuka German nzeru zapamwamba amene amaonedwa woyambitsa wa gulu nthanthi - phenomenology. Zikomo ntchito zambiri ndi ntchito iye kupfunzisa, yathandiza kwambiri pa onse nzeru ya German, ndipo pa chitukuko cha sayansi m'mayiko ena ambiri. Edmund Husserl chinathandiza zikamera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa existentialism. Phenomenology - ndi chinachake chimene chikugwirizana ntchito zikuluzikulu za Husserl. Ndi chiyani icho? Dziwani izi.

phenomenology ndi chiyani?

Kuyambira pachiyambi, ndi phenomenology kupanga kusuntha waukulu nzeru, si monga sukulu chatsekedwa. Choncho, mu nthawi oyambirira zikuoneka kachitidwe kuti sangathe kusanduka ntchito za Husserl. Komabe, udindo waukulu mu chitukuko cha phenomenology ankaimba ndi ntchito ya sayansi imeneyi. Makamaka zofunika ntchito yake yakuti "Kukamba zofufuza". Phenomenology monga malangizo makamaka ambiri onse a ku Ulaya komanso ku America. Komanso, Kutacha Japan, Australia mayiko angapo Asian.

Mfundo kuyambira cha chiphunzitso nthanthi ndi luso kudziwa ndi kufotokoza za malangizo (mwadala) kutsitsimuka kwa moyo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa njira phenomenology - kukana mtundu uliwonse wakhala unclarified presuppositions. Komanso, oimira chiphunzitso ichi kudza ku lingaliro la irreducibility (mwagwirizana irreducibility) ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kupitiriza kwa dziko cholinga (chikhalidwe chauzimu, anthu, chikhalidwe) ndi chikumbumtima.

Maphunziro apamwamba, kukambirana ndi asayansi

Wafilosofi tsogolo anabadwa pa April 8, 1859 ku Moravia (Prosnitse). Iye anaphunzitsidwa Vienna ndi Berlin yunivesite. Ine ndikudabwa zimene Edmund Husserl, nzeru zomwe amadziwika pa dziko lonse lapansi, poyamba ankafuna kukhala masamu. Komabe, Masaryk anaganiza nayo maphunziro Franz Brentano, kuwerenga maganizo ndi nzeru. Kulankhula naye, kenako ndi zamaganizo wina, K. Stumpf anapereka kwa chitukuko cha chidwi kuphunzira Edmund ndinaganiza njira. Wafilosofi tsogolo unkayenera Brentano chiphunzitso cha cholinga, kutanthauza malangizo a kutsitsimuka. Husserl ananena kuti Brentano sanaone vuto, "intentionality" mwachibale kwa zapansi nzeru ndi mapangidwe nyumba zinachitikira.

anzeru ena, motsogoleredwa ndi Edmund mu nthawi oyambirira - ndi empiricists British (makamaka JS Mill.), William James, ndi G. V. Leybnits. Chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso Kant yathandiza kwambiri pa nzeru zapamwamba kale mu nthawi ina ya maganizo ake.

Ntchito yoyamba Husserl

Edmund Husserl (chithunzi pamwambapa Amamuonetsa) ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito yaikulu anali kumatanthauza mwamsanga ntchito woyamba wakuti "Philosophy wa masamu." Ntchito imeneyi kwa nthawi yoyamba limodzi ndi ziwiri zikuluzikulu chinthu chidwi. Pa dzanja limodzi, ichi mfundo ofunda ndi masamu, ndi pa zina - kuwerenga maganizo. Wafilosofi amakumana ndi mavuto ena. Frege anasonyeza ena a iwo mu kusanthula kuweruza ntchito za Husserl. mavuto amenewa, zapangitsa Edmund achite kafukufuku ambiri a ntchito yeniyeni ndi kapangidwe ka "amadziŵa". M'chaputala chomaliza cha bukuli ndi odzipereka kwambiri kwa yomweyo "kumvetsa" wamitundu yosiyanasiyana khalidwe monga nkhosa za mbalame kapena mzere wa asilikali. Husserl Choncho angatchedwe wotsogolera wa Gestalt kuwerenga maganizo.

magulu anayi wa ntchito za Edmund Husserl

The lingaliro lomwelo la kudutsa mu ntchito zonse za nzeru zapamwamba, koma maganizo ake pa nthawi, akhala akukonza ndi kusintha kwambiri. ntchito zake zikhoza kugawidwa mu izi magulu anayi:

1. Kufanizira ndi nyengo ya "kuwerenga maganizo."
2. "Ofotokoza zamaganizo".
3. Transcendental phenomenology, adayamba choperekedwa ndi Husserl mu 1913.
4. Ntchito zokhudzana nthawi ina ya moyo wa nzeru zapamwamba za.

Ntchito "Kukamba zofufuza"

Husserl Buku lotchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito ya "zofufuza Kukamba". Inasindikizidwa mu zaka 1900-1901, ndi mu kope Russian, iyambe kufalitsidwa mu 1909. wolemba kudzitcha ntchito monga "momveka bwino njira" kwa m'madera monga phenomenology. "Prolegomena kuti mfundo choyera" - buku loyamba, zomwe zikutipatsa wunika ndi maganizo kuwerenga maganizo, otchuka pa nthawi. Malinga ndi zimene amakhulupirirazi, mfundo ndi mfundo maganizo ayenera kuperekedwa mu mawu a kuwerenga maganizo. "Ganizo mfundo choyera" - chaputala chotsiriza, kumene Husserl anayambitsa mfundo wake ofunda. malangizo Izi emancipated ku kuwerenga maganizo. wolemba litsimikizira kuti wa dera maganizo angwiro ndi wopanda phindu. Mu buku wachiwiri 6 akupereka maphunziro pa kapangidwe ndi zinachitikira mfundo. chidwi akale mitundu ya zinachitikira kwachititsa kuti kuphunzira otchedwa categorical yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale nzeru zapamwamba Edmund Husserl.

phenomenology Husserl a

Yotsatira kwambiri nthawi mu ntchito akuyamba nkhani Husserl "Ganizo phenomenology." Chofunika kwambiri chinali kusintha Husserl mu chabe a mtundu watsopano. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iye anaganiza njira wakupambulika dzinache phenomenological kuchepetsa. A zofunika kuyambirira gawo mu zoti munda wa maganizo ndi kupeza 'mtheradi' malo nzeru lonse zaka, ndiye kupewa zikhulupiriro aliyense ndi maweruzo. Phenomenology Choncho ntchito yofunafuna kwa essences ndi mabwenzi n'kofunika.

Chitsutso kwa naturalism

Poganizira ntchito Husserl, tikuona kuti iwo ziri zotsutsana naturalism. Makamaka, zikuonekeratu mu nkhani ya mu 1911, "Philosophy monga sayansi mwakhama." Pakuti Husserl, kutsutsidwa uwu wakhala umodzi wa zolinga amphamvu kwambiri. Edmund Husserl amaweruza kuti "transcendental" kapena mwangwiro reflexive ofotokoza sayansi zinachitikira ayenera kupereka nzeru zina za mfundo "kwakukulu", lomwe ndi ufulu wa preconditions iliyonse. Mu mabuku kutsogoloku "maganizo" Husserl (lofalitsidwa atamwalira), ndi pulogalamu wake ntchito zina "constitutive" phenomenology anali kufalitsidwa. cholinga chake Edmund ndinawona mu mapangidwe nzeru zatsopano n'zosatheka.

Ntchito pa logic ndi kusanthula njira za chikumbumtima

Makamaka kukwapula namatetule Husserl m'njira ziwiri izi: mu kusanthula logwirizana ndi njira zosiyana za chikumbumtima, kuphatikizapo zimene zinachitikira kutsitsimuka kwa nthawi; komanso mu nzeru maganizo. Ntchito pa mfundo za nthawi okhwima mwauzimu motere: "zinachitikira ndi chiweruzo" (1939) ndipo "ofunda ndi transcendental mfundo" (1929). nthawi chikumbumtima ndi ankafufuza ndi Husserl mu "nkhani pa phenomenology wa mumtima nthawi chikumbumtima" (1928) ndi ena ntchito zina za thupi nthawi zosiyana za zilandiridwenso. Mu 1931, Edmund Husserl analenga "Cartesian kusinkhasinkha", umene mulamulo ambiri mwa mavuto a akudziwa za chikumbumtima anthu.

Njira malangizo a phenomenology

Izo ziyenera kuti ambiri anzake akale ndi ophunzira anayambanso phenomenology Husserl, koma mbali inayo. Makamaka Scheler m'chipembedzo ndi kumanga mfundo imeneyi mfundo zake phenomenological. Heidegger, yemwe ndi wa omwe adayambitsa existentialism, poyamba anali wophunzira wa Husserl. Patapita nthawi, iye anachita ndi kafukufuku wa phenomenology kugwirizana ndi mfundo ya "kukhalapo" ndi "kukhala". Husserl, ali ndi chikhulupiriro angathe chiphunzitso wake, anadzudzula udindo wa Heidegger.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake ndi imfa Husserl

Edmund Husserl, ophunzira anasiya anapirira matenda ovuta, amene anaonekera mu zaka wake womaliza wa moyo. Mochedwa nthawi kumaliza ntchito ya Husserl a "The Crisis wa Sciences European", analengedwa mu 1936 ndi lofalitsidwa mu 1954. Bukuli nzeru zapamwamba akufuna mfundo moyo dziko, amene wakhala wotchuka kwambiri.

Husserl anamwalira pa April 26, 1938 mu Freiburg im Breisgau. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, udabuluka za 11,000 masamba a zolemba ndi ntchito unpublished. Mwamwayi, iwo anatha kupulumutsa. Iwo anali kuwapititsa ku Belgium (Leuven), kumene akupitiriza lero ntchito buku awo inayamba mu 1950 (wakuti "Gusserliana").

Edmund Husserl: makoti

makoti ambiri Husserl lotereli, koma ambiri a iwo amafuna kwambiri mozama ankadziwa nzeru zake. Choncho, ife anasankha anthu zophweka kwambiri zimene ali bwino onse. Edmund Husserl, ntchito yaikulu imene anali kuperekedwa pamwamba, ndi woyambitsa wa ziganizo zotsatirazi:

• "Dziko Izi si aliyense mofanana."
• "The relativity choonadi kumatanthauza ponena za kukhalako kwa dziko."
• "Chiyambi oyera ndi osadetsa, titero, komabe kumizidwa zinachitikira kusalankhula."

Ndipo lero alibe chidwi zophwetsa umenewu, monga nzeru ndi phenomenological a Edmund Husserl. Moyo dziko, nyengo ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri nthawi zonse - iyi zonse zimaonekera mu zolemba zake. Kumene, Husserl tinganene kuti ndi nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri. Ambiri mwa ophunzira ake ndi anzake asungunuka mu mithunzi lero, ndipo komabe amanena kuti ntchito za Husserl. Maganizo a nzeru zapamwamba ichi ndi zogwirizana, yemwe akuyankhula ndi sikelo yawo yaikulu.

Choncho, kodi inu kukumana ngati chidwi woganiza, Edmund Husserl. Mwachidule yonena za iye, ndithudi, chimangooneka kumvetsa zachiphamaso za nzeru zake. Pofuna kwambiri kumvetsetsa maganizo ake, amanena kuti ntchito za Husserl.