Etching - ndi njira ya? mitundu ya etching

Etching - mtundu wa zipsera luso, kusindikiza chithunzi kuchokera cliche komaliza. Chakale chosema ndi kusindikizidwanso ku matabwa, mapulasitiki (linoleum) kapena chuma akiliriki, kudula kudzera wodula mu mawonekedwe a chitsanzo chilichonse. chiwerengero cha zidindo Pankhaniyi yochepa. Etching - ndi thabwa, amene amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito luso lapadera. Pa mtima wa etching kusindikiza - mbale zitsulo zamkuwa, zitsulo kapena nthaka.

etching

Zitsulo mbale, billet cliché kukonzedwa mankhwala acidic. Chifukwa zitsulo ntchito nitric asidi, kwa mkuwa - chloro reactant.

Zitsulo mbale ya kukula abwino ndi kupukutidwa kuwala ndi, degreased wokutidwa ndi wapadera asidi zosagwira lacquer. Pambuyo kuyanika, ndi workpiece amatsata, kumene kungakhale waukali ndiponso amafuna kenako rework. Nthawi zina, fano akhoza kwathunthu itatha. Izi zidalira pa zokonda za mbuye. Anthu ambiri aluso kupeza zofunika kuchunidwa bwino kwa cliché, koma ena amakhulupirira kuti ndinu woona sayenera kudzatha. Komabe, njira si zofunika, koma zotsatira zake zomalizira. Komabe, etching - luso lenileni kuti amafuna luso lalikulu kukonzekera ndi nthawi yokonza mwachindunji zipsera.

dera processing

Pambuyo makina pa mbuye akusowekapo zochepa chabe woonda lakuthwa singano mizere onse, kuchotsa ndi asidi zosagwira ❖ kuyanika mu malo kufunika. Choncho zitsulo pokhala poyera kuti reagent zizipezeka pa mfundo kumene m'pofunika kuti recess. Wokonzeka proshtrihovannaya preform kumizidwa mu chidulo, ndi ndondomeko etching akuyamba. Bath ndi mankhwala ayenera adzatsekeredwa anaphimba kuteteza akukhavukira. Pankhaniyi, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti ventilate chipinda, choncho mpweya si anaikira fumes asidi poizoni.

zipangizo mankhwala

Etchings - ndi ndondomeko zovuta kuti amafuna zinthu zina kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha chithunzicho. Kunyalanyaza miyezo zoteteza sikuloledwa. zipangizo mankhwala ntchito mu Machining wa workpieces zachitsulo kwa etching, ndi oopsa zokwanira, zotsatira zawo zoipa pa thupi la munthu ayenera kwathunthu zopanda, kapena kungochepetsedwa. Pambuyo etching kumaliza kwa PAD anasambitsa madzi otunga kumtsinje, izo kuchipala zatsalira utoto.

Kenako, gawo lapansi umagwiritsidwa ntchito inki kuti chimadzaza recess lonse. inki owonjezera atachotsedwa padziko tampon lapansi. Ndiye etching zipsera gulu anapangidwa ndi kukanikiza. pepala ndi anakakamizidwa m'munsi mwa amaonekera kuthamanga abweza lakuthwa, mosiyana. Choncho, etching njira limakupatsani kulenga zojambula cha kapangidwe uliwonse; thinnest mizere, mapini, madontho zimakhalapo kuyang'ana kwambiri organically. Ngati chiwerengero cha zipsera za makumi ndi mazana, ndi cliché pang'ono ndi pang'ono achotsa ndipo wotaya mosiyana. Pankhaniyi m'pofunika nthawi kusintha bolodi, kachiwiri kuphimba ndi lacquer, ndi asidi-etching kuzamitsa zojambula.

mitundu yosindikiza

The mbale zitsulo kukonzedwa moyenera, kachiwiri kale ndondomeko pickling, angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi zingapo. Aliyense mbale ndi mbale yosindikiza, amene anapanga etching zipsera. Nthawi zambiri, chithunzichi luso. Chosema etching ndi chimodzi cha mitundu chidwi kwambiri luso. Iwo anayamba kupanga m'zaka za m'ma 16.

zikayenda kulenga

Mu 1515 anatembenukira kwa njira ya etching wotchuka zojambulajambula Albrecht Dürer wake matabwa zitsulo etching zatsopano zinali chiyambi cha nyengo za zojambulidwa chosema. Dürer ophatikizana kulengedwa kwa etchings tingachipeze powerenga zojambula mochita kugoba, njira ziwiri izi kuyambira kale kufunika ofanana pa ntchito yake.

Italy wa zojambulajambula Parmigianino, chosaneneka mwini etchings, anakweza iwo ku Mulingo wa luso woona. Kenako, zojambulajambula Dutch Rembrandt anapangidwa zithunzi za sewerolo wapadera kuwala ndi mthunzi, kuwonjezera, anayamba kuchita kukonzanso etching, amene anapereka sikunachitekepo kuyenda mozama.

aquatint

Mu 1765, ku French zojambulajambula Jean-Baptiste Leprens anatulukira njira yatsopano yopangira ofeŵa kwambiri, amatikumbutsa watercolor. luso amatchedwa "aquatint". Pakuti chifaniziro woyamba unazokotedwa mizere inasamutsidwa kuchoka tracings njira nakalyvaniya unali PAD mu malo amdima rosin. Board mkangano, ufa anasungunuka anaphimba pamwamba wosanjikiza granular. m'madera Bright anali kukonzedwa kudacita. Aquatint zambiri ntchito limodzi ndi mtundu kusindikiza kale mwini njira imeneyi akuti Francisco Goya, imodzi yabwino-Etchers ojambula zithunzi mu mbiri.

Zhak Kallo

Popeza etching ndi - ndi wochenjera luso, ndi amisiri bwino wa zaka 16-18th kuyesa kuonetsa okha mtundu wanyimbo kovuta. Komabe, kupambana anapatsidwa mwa yekha luso kwambiri. Mmodzi wa ambuye otchuka etching m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 17 anali French wojambula Zhak Kallo. wojambula ankagwira ntchito zakuda Kuzindikira kalembedwe, ntchito wotchuka kwambiri m'gulu la mndandanda wa "zoopsa za kunkhondo", ndi wodziŵa mwini etching amatchedwa "Anapachikidwa."

mitundu ya etching

Mu 17 njira m'ma chosema bwinobwino ntchito iconography. Nthumwi za sukulu Flemish wa zithunzi, chithunzicho Anthony Van Deyk, anakhala etcher chabwino, nachita kanjedza wopatulika. etching luso amalola kugwila mokoma kwambiri mochenjera zithunzi wodziwika bwino.

mtundu wina otchedwa kubalana etching. Iwo anatengera wofalitsa. Pafupifupi onse a mafanizo mabuku osindikizidwa pa theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18, ilo linapangidwa mu njira ya etching. Izi kalendala Chithunzi ali bwino yosayenera ntchito zolembalemba. Ziwerengero analandira zokongola ndi bwino zapita akamanena za nkhaniyo. Mwaukadaulo ndandanda etching analipo, zimakhalanso zotsika mtengo kutenga limodzi, ndi fano khalidwe amakhalabe pa mlingo mkulu.

Mezzotint - mtundu wa kwambiri nthawi yambiri, koma kwambiri. Bukuli lili pa ntchito malankhulidwe chifukwa cha "graining" padziko cliché lapansi. M'kati zing'onozing'ono kupereka roughness kuti kusindikiza amapereka kusintha yosalala ku kuwala mthunzi. Etchings anapanga mwa unsembe wa mezzotint osiyana velvety imapeza ndi mithunzi.

The "pachiyambi" view - zithunzi kwambiri luso amene akhala kokha mwa ambuye wotchuka. Kwa ojambula zithunzi zambiri, etching wakhala ngati kubwereketsa, amene amatha kumvetsa zolinga zawo kulenga. The engraver kwambiri kwa zaka za m'ma 18 imatengedwa Italy wamanga Giovanni Piranesi, woyambitsa zithunzi zambiri Roma cityscapes ndi Zosayiwalika. ojambula zithunzi No zochepa wotchuka wa nthawi anali etcher Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ,, Francisco Goya, Antuan Vatto, Canaletto, Fransua Bushe.

kubadwanso

M'zaka za m'ma 19 luso etching sanali kumusamalira, izo zinachitika mchikakamizo cha maonekedwe a umisiri yosindikiza m'njira yosangalatsa. Komabe, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma ojambula zithunzi engravers anafotokozanso panopa. Latsopano etchings sanalinso amaziona ngati fanizo buku kope, akhala ntchito zonse kunachitika luso, mumaganiza luso mu tchati. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, iwo anapita ndi amisiri ambiri French monga Charles-Fransua Dobini, Kamil Koro ndi ena. Iye apadera mu njira ya etching ndi Parisian Impressionist zojambulajambula Edouard Manet. Mwa ojambula zithunzi Russian mochita njira katswiri Valentin Serov ndi Ivan Shishkin. American etcher anali Dzheyms Uistler, Swedish - Anders Zorn ku Germany pa zojambula mochita kugoba ntchito Adolf Mentsel.