Experience Rutherford kubalalika wa particles Alpha (lalifupi)

Ernest Rutherford - ichi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa ziphunzitso zenizeni za dongosolo mkati mwa maatomu. Iye anabadwa wasayansi mu England, mu banja la anthu ochokera Scotland. Rutherford anali mwana wachinayi m'banja lake, nthawi yomweyo inali luso kwambiri. Chopereka wapadera iye akanakhoza kupanga ku chiphunzitso cha dongosolo atomiki.

malingaliro koyamba za kapangidwe ka maatomu

Tikumbukenso kuti pamaso unachitikira Rutherford zatsopano wotchuka pa kubalalika wa particles Alpha, lalikulu pa nthawi imeneyo lingaliro la kapangidwe ka atomu anali chitsanzo cha Thompson. wasayansi ameneyu ankadziwa kuti mlandu zabwino imatulutsa chimadzaza buku lonse la maatomu. The ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu, Thompson ndinaganiza, anali akuti splashes mu izo.

Prerequisites kuti ulimi sayansi

Nditamaliza sukulu, Rutherford wophunzira kwambiri luso analandira thandizo la £ 50 kuti ndikaphunzire zinthu zina. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anatha kupita ku koleji ku New Zealand. Kenako, mnyamata katswiri mayeso pa University of Canterbury nayamba kwambiri kuphunzira sayansi zimapangidwira. Mu 1891, Rutherford unapita wake woyamba pa mutu wakuti "The Evolution wa zinthuzo." Zinaperekedwa ndi lingaliro kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri kuti atomu ndi dongosolo zovuta.

Ndiye chogwidwa ndi lingaliro la Dalton kuti maatomu ndi indivisible mabwalo sayansi. Anthu padziko Rutherford, lingaliro tinali amisala ndithu. Young wasayansi zonse anali kupepesa kwa anzake chifukwa 'zinthu. " Koma zaka 12 pambuyo pake, Rutherford akadali anakwanitsa kutsimikizira mfundo zawo. Mu Rutherford nawo mwayi kupitiriza kafukufuku pa Cavendish Laboratory mu England, pamene iye anayamba kuphunzira njira ya mpweya ionization. Kupezeka loyamba Rutherford anali Alefa ndi beta kunyezimira.

kuona Rutherford

Mwachidule za kutsegula akhoza kundiuza kuti: mu 1912, Rutherford ndi omuthandizira ake anali kuyesera wake wotchuka - Alpha particles panamveka ku gwero la patsogolo. particles onse kupatula amene anaonekera odzipereka patsogolo, kuyendera njira lokhazikika. mtsinje awo yopapatiza zinachitika pa wosanjikiza zonyalazo zojambulazo. mzere uwu ndi perpendicular kwa pepalalo. Experience Rutherford kubalalika wa particles Alpha anasonyeza kuti anthu particles lomwe kudutsa chinsalu cha zojambulazo kudzera, wotchedwa scintillation anachititsa pa zenera.

chophimba anali TACHIMATA ndi chuma chapadera chimene glows pamene kumenyedwa ndi Alpha tinthu. Danga pakati pa wosanjikiza zojambulazo golide ndi ziwiya anadzazidwa vacuo particles Alpha amwazikira mlengalenga. chipangizo wotero walola ofufuza kusunga particles ndi anamwazikana kudutsa makona 150 °.

Ngati zojambulazo si ntchito monga chokhumudwitsa ndi mtanda wa particles Alpha, chophimba anapanga bwalo wowala wa scintillations. Koma basi iwo kuika chitsekerezo mtanda wa zojambulazo golide, chithunzi zasintha. Mliri anaonekera osati kunja kwa bwalo lino, komanso mbali ina ya zojambulazo lapansi. Experience Rutherford kubalalika wa particles Alpha anasonyeza kuti ambiri a particles kudutsa zojambulazo popanda noticeable kusintha mu njira yodutsamo.

Komabe, ena particles ali anapanduka ndi ngodya mwachilungamo lalikulu, ndipo ngakhale n'kuponyedwanso. Ulendo uliwonse 10 000 momasuka kudutsa wosanjikiza particles zojambulazo ndi golide chimodzi chokha kumbali ndi makona choposa 10 ° - monga kupatulapo mmodzi wa particles anapanduka pa cham'mbali.

chifukwa Alpha particles adasokera

Kodi mwatsatanetsatane ankaona ndi kuwonedwa mbiri Rutherford - Kapangidwe ka maatomu. Chotero malo zikusonyeza kuti atomu si maphunziro mosalekeza. Ambiri a particles mtima wonse kudutsa zojambulazo la atomu imodzi wandiweyani. Ndipo kuyambira unyinji wa particles Alpha pafupifupi 8000 nthawi lalikulu kuposa misa elekitironi, ndi yamasika sakanakhala ndi zotsatira kwambiri pa njira yodutsamo wa particles Alpha. Izi zikhoza kuchitidwa kokha ndi phata atomiki - thupi la kukula yaing'ono, ali pafupifupi misa ndi onse a mlandu magetsi a maatomu. Pa nthawi imeneyo zinali chidwi yojambula British sayansi. zinachitikira Rutherford ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi ya kapangidwe lamkati la maatomu.

atulukira ena analandira pa phunziro la maatomu

maphunziro amenewa anakhala umboni mwachindunji kuti mlandu zabwino atomu ali phata ake. Dera limeneli ali ndi danga ochepa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa okhulupirika ake. Izi buku laling'ono kubalalika Alpha particles anaonekera sizikanatheka. Anthu particles amene anadutsa pafupi phata atomiki, anayesedwa zolakwika lakuthwa njira ina, chifukwa mphamvu chonyansa pakati pa Alpha tinthu ndi phata atomiki anali amphamvu. Zimene Rutherford pa kubalalika wa particles Alpha anasonyeza n'zotheka kuti Alpha tinthu afika mwachindunji mu ngale ya. Komabe, mosavuta anali ochepa, koma osati ziro.

Icho sichinali choona chokha chimene chimaoneka ndi zimene zinachitikira Rutherford. Mwachidule anaphunzira kapangidwe ka atomu ndi anzake, amene anapanga angapo atulukira zina zofunika. Pongotiphunzitsa kuti Alpha particles ali losinthasinthali helium mtima.

Wasayansi anatha kufotokoza kapangidwe ka atomu, imene phata ali mbali yaing'ono buku okwana. Zimene wake asonyeza kuti pafupifupi mlandu lonse la atomu ndi anaikira mkati pakati pake penipeni. Pamene izi zimachitika milandu onse kupatuka a alpha-particles ndi milandu kugunda awo ndi phata a.

Zatsopano Rutherford chitsanzo nyukiliya wa maatomu

Mu 1911, Rutherford pambuyo maphunziro ambiri amasonyeza chitsanzo cha dongosolo atomiki, amene akutchedwa m'mapulaneti. Malinga ndi chitsanzo ichi, zoti mkati atomu pakati lomwe lili pafupi misa lonse la tinthu lapansi. Ma elekitironi muziyendayenda phata m'njira mofanana ndi mmene mapulaneti dzuwa. A zawo otchedwa elekitironi mtambo. Atomu ali ndi mlandu ndale, monga zinachitikira Rutherford.

Kapangidwe ka atomu mu tsogolo la Concerned Scientists dzina lake Niels Bohr. Iye ndiye anali woyengedwa chiphunzitso Rutherford, chifukwa mpaka Bohr mapulaneti chitsanzo cha atomu anayamba mavuto malongosoledwe. Monga elekitironi zikuzungulirira phata mu kanjira kukhala ndi mathamangitsidwe ena, m'kupita kwanthawi lidzagwa kuti phata la atomu. Komabe, Niels Bohr anatha kutsimikizira kuti malamulo okonzera chakale palibe yogwira yaitali mkati maatomu.