Chlorate mchere

Kodi potaziyamu chlorate?

Mchere potaziyamu asidi chloric (mmodzi wa zidulo anayi mpweya munali popangidwa ndi chlorine: hypochlorous - HClO, chlorous - HClO2, chloric - HClO3 ndi perchloric - HClO4) amangoti dzina potaziyamu chlorate, chilinganizo - KClO3. mchere izi mu maonekedwe akuimira makhiristo (colorless), amene bwino sungunuka m'madzi (pa 20 ° C mu 100 cm3 wa madzi amasungunula 7.3 okha ga mchere), koma ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha solubility ukuwonjezeka. Wina dzina lake wotchuka - bertoletova mchere. The maselo kulemera mankhwala ndi 122,55 amu, kachulukidwe - 2,32 g / cm3. Mchere chimasungunula pa 356 ° C, izo linawola pa 400 ° C.

Kutsegula chlorate potaziyamu

Kwa nthawi yoyamba (mu 1786) a chlorate potaziyamu anali French sayansi Klod Bertolle. Iwo anaphonya chloro kudzera anaikira otentha potaziyamu hydroxide njira. Chisoni aone kuti pali, kudzera amene mchere ndi motere: 3Cl2 + 6KOH → 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O. Chifukwa cha zimene anachita izi potaziyamu chlorate precipitates monga woyera olimba. Popeza bwino sungunuka m'madzi ozizira, ndi mosavuta wosiyana kuphatikizapo ena mwa njira ndi utakhazikika. Popeza kutsegula ake mchere bertoletova ndi ambiri komanso zothandiza mankhwala a chlorate onse. Panopa KClO3 opangidwa padziko lonse mafakitale.

katundu mankhwala

Chlorate mchere - ndi oxidizer amphamvu. Mwa kuchita ndi kuikapo maganizo acid amathiridwa (HCl) allocated ufulu chlorine. Zimenezi anafotokozedwa ndi aone kuti pali mankhwala anachita: 6HCl + KClO3 → 3Cl ↑ + KCl + 3 H2O. Ngati chlorates onse, mankhwala kwambiri poizoni. Mu mawonekedwe osungunula KClO3 khama kuyaka. osakaniza mosavuta oxidizable mankhwala (kuchepetsa wothandizila) monga sulfure, phosphorous, shuga ndi zina organic zinthu potaziyamu chlorate chimaphulika ndi amadza kapena mikangano. The kudziwa zotsatira kumatheka pamaso pa salt ammonium ndi bromates. Mu wofatsa (Kutentha 60 ° C) ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chlorate potaziyamu unakonzedwa ku oxalic asidi chlorine dioxide, ndondomeko chimaposa monga anthu aone kuti pali anachita: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + 2ClO2. Mankhwala monoxide wapeza ntchito ku oyeretsa ndi njira yolera yotseketsa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana (ufa pepala zamkati ndi zina zotero), ndipo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito obesfenolivaniya madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito zomera mankhwala.

Ntchito chlorate potaziyamu

Onse bertoletova chlorate mchere ndi ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito. Ndi ntchito kupanga utoto, machesi (kuchita machesi mutu zinthu kuyaka, zopangira yothira potaziyamu chlorate Lachiwiri 6-18-24-84), makombola, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chlorine woipa. Chifukwa cha kuopsa mkulu wa nyimbo ndi chlorate potassium iwo amachita ntchito kupanga mabomba zolinga mafakitale ndi asilikali. kawirikawiri potaziyamu chlorate ntchito ngati zachiwawa amayambira. Nthawi zina ntchito pyrotechnics kudzipereka tsvetnoplamennye nyimbo. Poyamba mchere ntchito mankhwala: zothetsera ofooka wa mankhwala (KClO3) kwa nthawi yaitali akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga antiseptic kwa gargling apakhungu. Salt m'zaka za m'ma 20, anali ntchito kupeza mpweya m'mikhalidwe choyezera, koma chifukwa cha kuopsa zatsopano anali kutha.

Kukonzekera chlorate potaziyamu

Imodzi mwa njira zotsatirazi: ndi chlorination wa hydroxide potaziyamu chifukwa cha kuwombola anachita ndi michere ina ya chlorates, electrochemical makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu njira amadzimadzi chlorides zitsulo - mchere bertoletova akhoza kuwapeza. Kukonzekera lonse ake mafakitale Nthawi zambiri ndi hypochlorite disproportionation anachita (hypochlorous asidi salt). njira zamakono kukonzedwa mosiyana. Nthawi zambiri zimachokera pa zimene pakati mankhwala enaake kashiamu ndi chlorate potaziyamu: Ca (ClO3) 2 + 2KCl → 2KClO3 + CaCl2. Ndiye mchere bertoletova anapanga ku mowa mayi ndi crystallization allocated. Komanso chlorate potaziyamu linakonzedwa ndi njira kusinthidwa Berthollet ndi electrolysis wa mankhwala enaake potaziyamu: umatulutsa electrolysis ali anachitira ndi chloro hydroxide potassium chifukwa KClO potaziyamu hypochlorite akutsatiridwa ndi disproportionation wa potaziyamu chlorate KClO3 ndi gwero la mankhwala enaake potaziyamu KCl.

Kuwonongeka kwa chlorate potaziyamu

Pa kutentha 400 ° C kuwonongeka kwa chlorate potaziyamu. Chifukwa, mpweya ndi potaziyamu perchlorate: 4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4. Siteji yotsatira ya kuwonongeka limapezekanso pa kutentha 550 kwa 620 ° C: KClO4 → 2O2 ↑ + KCl. Pa catalysts (angakhale okusayidi mkuwa CuO, ndi chitsulo okusayidi (III) Fe2O3 okusayidi kapena manganese (IV) MnO2) kuwonongeka limapezekanso pa kutentha m'munsi (150 300 ° C) ndi sitepe imodzi: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2.

kukhwimitsa chitetezo

mchere Bertoletova ndi zachiwawa mankhwala kusakhazikika amene angathe amaphulika, ndi yogwira mtima, yosungirako (mwachitsanzo, pafupi reductants pa alumali chomwecho zasayansi kapena mu chipinda chodyeramo) mphero kapena ntchito zina. Kuphulika kumachitika choipa, kapena ngakhale imfa kutsatira. Choncho, kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusunga kapena zoyendera wa chlorate potaziyamu ayenera zofunikira za Chilamulo Federal 116. Facilities bungwe pasukuluyi ikukhudzana bwanji ndi maofesi woopsawo mafakitale.