Experimental ndege "Apollo-Soyuz". Zinakhazikitsa danga mbiri ndege

Space kufufuza - loto, amene ali maganizo a anthu ambiri kwa zaka zambiri. M'masiku amenewo mpaka kutali pamene anthu athe kuona nyenyezi ndi maiko tizimudalira yekha pa masomphenya ake, iye ankafuna kuti adziwe chimene kusungira malire wakuda phompho la mdima thambo pamwamba. Maloto adayamba akwaniritsidwa posachedwapa.

Pakapita mphamvu kutsogolera malo yomweyo anayamba ngati "manja mtundu" apa: asayansi ayesetsa kuti apite patsogolo pa anzawo pamaso zonena zawo ndi zosowa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kwa kufufuza malo. Komabe, kusiyana linali: pulogalamu "Apollo-Soyuz" kusonyeza ubwenzi pakati pa USSR ndi USA, komanso mtima wofuna ntchito limodzi kuti pakhale anthu nyenyezi.

mwachidule

Chidule dzina la pulogalamu - ndi ASTP. Zouluka ndi imatchedwanso "kugwirana chanza danga". Nthawi zambiri, "Apollo-Soyuz" anali mwamuna wolimba mtima komanso ndege "Soyuz 19" ndi American "Apollo". Mamembala a ulendo anali zothetsera mavuto ambiri, lofunika kwambiri umene unali mu chosiyana okwerera ndi kapangidwe docking. Koma pa "uchimo" izo atazikocheza!

Kwenikweni, ndi kulankhula zabwinobwino pakati asayansi Soviet ndi American anayamba nthawi ya Launch ya nthambi woyamba yokumba. Mgwirizano pa wamba, kufufuza mtendere m'mlengalenga yosainidwa mu 1962. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza adakhoza akambirane zotsatira za mapulogalamu ndi maganizo ena mwa makampani danga.

Msonkhano woyamba ofufuza

Ndi Soviet Union ndi United States anayambitsa mgwirizano anali: Pulezidenti wa Academy of Sciences (AN), wotchuka MV Keldysh, komanso mkulu wa National Azamlengalenga Agency (mu dziko lotchedwa NASA) Dr. Payne.

msonkhano woyamba wa nthumwi ya United States ndi Soviet Union chinachitika kumapeto yophukira 1970. ntchito American kutsogozedwa ndi Director wa Center imayendetsedwa ndi a Johnson Space Flight Dr. R. Gilruth. Kumbali Union chaired ndi Council kwa Phunziro la mayiko Space Administration (pulogalamu "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. Nthawi iyo inapanga magulu ntchito, amene ntchito yaikulu inali kukambirana kuthekera misonkhano interoperability wa spacecraft Soviet ndi American.

Chaka chotsatira, kale mu Houston, wakhala anakonza msonkhano watsopano, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi kale kudziwika kwa ife B. N. Petrov ndi R. Gilruth. Magulu kuphimba zofunikira kwa kapangidwe ka spacecraft zinakhazikitsa, komanso mgwirizano kwathunthu nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza standardization kachitidwe moyo thandizo. Iwo anayamba kukambirana kuti n'zotheka ntchito limodzi ndi wotsatira docking mphamvu oyeretsa.

Monga mukuonera, pulogalamu "Soyuz-Apollo", chomwe chinali chaka cha kupambana kwa cosmonautics dziko, anafuna review la kuchuluka kwa malamulo luso ndi andale ndi malangizo.

Mawuwo za kuthekera kwa olowa flights zinakhazikitsa

Mu 1972, Soviet ndi American mbali kamodzinso ankachitika msonkhano umene zowombetsa mkota ndi systematized ntchito zonse pa nthawi zakale. Chigamulo chomaliza za anaiyamba kwa olowa zinakhazikitsa ndege zabwino pa mwambowu amene asankhidwa kale zombo bwino. Choncho anabadwa polojekiti "Apollo-Soyuz".

Yambani pulogalamu

Izo zinali mu May 1972. A pangano mbiri yosainidwa pakati dziko lathu ndi America, akuthandiza kufufuza olowa mtendere wa mlengalenga. Komanso, maphwando ndi tinaganiza kumbali luso nkhani ya ndege "Apollo-Soyuz". nthawi iyi anatumidwa ankapita pambali Soviet anali Academician K. D. Bushuev, America ankaimira Dr. G. Lunney.

Pa msonkhano, iwo anazindikira ndi zolinga, kupambana amene adzakhala wodzipereka ku ntchito yonse kuti:

• ulamuliro machitidwe ngakhale mayeso a kukhazikitsa zombo mgwirizano mu mlengalenga.
• Afufuze mu "munda" zinthu docking basi ndi Buku.
• Kuyesedwa ndi ikukonzekera luso, amapangitsa kusintha chombo m'sitima.
• Pomaliza, kudzikundikira zinachitikira kwambiri m'munda wa olowa panali malo ndege. Pamene "Soyuz 19" m'mlengalenga atazikocheza ndi "Apollo", akatswiri analandira angapo mfundo zothandiza, iwo ntchito kwambiri mu US mwezi pulogalamu.

m'madera ena a ntchito

Akatswiri, mwa zina, ankafuna kuyesa kuthekera lathu mu danga zombo kale atazikocheza, komanso kuchita bata chiyesedwe cha machitidwe kulankhulana pa makina osiyanasiyana. Pomaliza, chofunika kuchita interoperability kuyezetsa pakati pa machitidwe Soviet ndi American ntchito ulamuliro.

Apa ndi kukhala ndi zochitika zazikulu pa nthawi:

• Kumapeto kwa May 1975 izo unachitikira msonkhano komaliza kukambirana nkhani zina m'gulu. chikalata yomaliza ya wokonzeka wathunthu ndege wakhala anasaina. Yosainidwa ndi: Academician VA Kotelnikov kumbali Union, America ndi chikalata adavomereza ndi J. Lo .. Launch tsiku chinali July 15, 1975.
• Pa maola ndendende 15 ndi mphindi 20 kuchokera pa Baikonur cosmodrome bwinobwino anapezerapo Soviet "Soyuz 19".
• "Apollo" lidzayamba ndi thandizo la chonyamulira roketi "Saturn-1b". Time - maola 22 ndi mphindi 50. Poyambira - Cape Canaveral.
• Mu masiku awiri pambuyo akamaliza ntchito zonse kukonzekera, maola 19 ndi mphindi 12 za "Soyuz 19" padokopo. Mu 1975 chinatseguka nyengo yatsopano ya kufufuza malo.
• Chimodzimodzi ankasinthana awiri "Union" wa mpita dziko lapansi, ndi docking latsopano "Soyuz-Apollo" zinachitikadi, kenako anaulukira ku malo ankasinthana awiri. Patapita nthawi, chipangizo kwathunthu omwazika, anamaliza maphunziro.

Ambiri, kuthawira nthawi motere:

• Soviet "Soyuz 19" unachitikira mu kanjira masiku 5, maola 22 ndi mphindi 31.
• "Apollo" unachitikira mu ndege masiku 9, 1 ora ndi mphindi 28.
• Mu zolumukizidwa chikhalidwe cha zombo imachitika maola ndendende 46 ndi mphindi 36.

oyeretsa

Ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi kukumbukira mayina a anthu ogwira ntchito zombo American ndi Soviet, amene anagonjetsa mabvuto, anatha kwathunthu kugwiritsa ntchito magawo onse pulogalamu zofunika danga.

American adalira anali:

• Thomas Salima. American adalira mkulu. An wokayenda pamwezi odziwa, ndege chachinayi.
• Vens Brand. Iye piloted lamulo gawo, ndege yoyamba.
• Donald Slayton. Zinali iye amene anali ndi udindo udindo docking ntchito, linalinso ndege yake yoyamba.

Kapangidwe ka adalira Soviet m'gulu la chombo zotsatirazi:

• Alexei Leonov anali mkulu.
• Valery Kubasov anali m'ndegemo injiniya.

Onse opita Soviet kale mu kanjira kamodzi, kotero kuti ndege "Soyuz-Apollo" wachiwiri kwa iwo.

Kodi zatsopano akhala akuchita mu njira ya ndege olowa?

• kuyesera kunachitidwa, kumaphatikizapo kuphunzira kadamsana: "Apollo" atseke kuwala, pamene pa "Union" kuphunzira ndi kufotokoza zotsatira azipeze powona ichi.
• UV mayamwidwe anali kuphunzira zimene ngolo mpandawo zili mpweya atomiki ndi asafe mu kanjira dzikoli.
• Komanso, pakhala zatsopano zingapo zimene ofufuza za kufufuzidwa mmene weightlessness, palibe maginito ndi zinthu zina danga bwanji otaya kaimbidwe kwachilengedwenso.
• Pakuti microbiologists chidwi chachikulu ndi kuphunzira kutengerapo pulogalamu ndi kutonthozana tizilombo m'mikhalidwe ndiwachabe pakati pa magalimoto awiri (kudzera siteshoni docking).
• Pomaliza, kuthawira "Soyuz-Apollo" walola kuphunzira njira kunachitika mu zachitsulo ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zipangizo zinthu ngati zimenezi. Tikumbukenso kuti 'tate' wa mtundu uwu kuphunzira wakhala odziwika bwino pakati metallurgists K. P. Gurov, amene akufuna kugwira ntchito imeneyi.

Zina zokhudza luso

Tikumbukenso kuti ngalawa US monga mpweya kupuma, wangwiro mpweya, pamene chombo zoweta anali m'mlengalenga, kapangidwe kake ndi ofanana ndi a Dziko Lapansi. Choncho, tinganene mwachindunji ndi magalimoto kunali kosatheka. Makamaka vutoli wapadera kusintha chipinda unayambitsidwa molumikizana ndi chombo American.

Tikumbukenso kuti Achimereka anayamba ntchito mwayi umenewu nthawi opaleshoni polenga gawo lawo mwezi. Pamene kusintha kachulukidwe mu "Apollo" pang'ono anakweza, ndi "wogwirizana", mosiyana, ndi adatchithisira polera mpweya zili osakaniza kupuma kwa 40%. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu akhala ndi mwai kukhala mu gawo Transitional (asanalowe sitima mlendo) osati eyiti maola ndi mphindi 30 zokha.

Mwa njira, ngati mukufuna nkhani imeneyi, kukaona Museum la Cosmonautics mu Moscow. Pali mutu ili laperekedwa kwa kumbali yaikulu.

General History of zinakhazikitsa Space Flight

Nkhaniyi si mwangozi anakhudza pa mbiri ya panali malo ndege. The pulogalamuyi tafotokozazi sizikanatheka kukanakhala mfundo ngati si Pre-chitukuko munda, zinachitikira umene anapeza kwa zaka zambiri. Amene "chinabweretsa" chifukwa amene kunatheka zinakhazikitsa spaceflight?

Monga mukudziwa, April 12, 1961, chochitika zinachitika kuti anali ndi tanthauzo kwenikweni lonse. Pa tsiku limenelo, iye anapitiriza Yuri Gagarin zinakhazikitsa ndege mkati mwa "Vostok" ali woyamba mu mbiri ya dziko.

Dziko wachiwiri ikuchitika zofanana, anali United States. m'mlengalenga awo "Mercury-Redstone 3", piloted ndi Alan Shepard, unayambitsidwa mu kanjira patatha mwezi umodzi, May 5, 1961. Mu February, iye anayamba ku Cape Canaveral kale "Mercury-Atlas 6", onyamula Dzhon Glenn.

Zolembedwa choyamba ndiponso achita

zaka ziwiri pambuyo Gagarin woyamba anatera danga mkazi. Zinali Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Anauluka yekha pa ngalawa "Vostok-6". Launch anapangidwa June 16, 1963. Mu America, woimira woyamba wa kugonana fairer, amene anapita mu kanjira, Salli Rayd anakhala. Iye anali membala wa oyendetsa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, amene anaulukira mu 1983.

Kale March 18, 1965 umboni wina linathyoka: danga kumanzere Alexei Leonov. Mkazi woyamba, amene anali mu malo lotseguka, wakhala Svetlana Savitskaya, amene akuyendera mu 1984. Dziwani kuti panopa akazi aphatikizidwa zonse popanda kupatulapo ISS oyeretsa, ngati zonse zofunika pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa thupi wamkazi anasonkhana ku malo ndi chombo chifukwa thanzi si pangozi.

The ndege motalikitsa

Mpaka lero, motalikitsa umodzi spaceflight ankaona 437 usiku kukhala mu kanjira cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. Iye anakhala pa bolodi "Mtendere" ku January 1994 ndi March 1995. The umboni kwa akonzedwa wamba masiku anakhala mu kanjira, kachiwiri, wa cosmonaut zoweta - Sergei Krikalev.

Ngati ife kulankhula za ndege gulu, za 364 masiku m'mlengalenga opita ndi chombo kuchokera September 1989 August 1999. Popeza zatsimikiziridwa kuti munthu akhoza theoretically moyo ndi popita ku Mars. Tsopano ofufuza nkhawa kwambiri za vuto la ngakhale maganizo a anthu ogwira ntchito.

Information pa mbiriyakale ya malo yoyenda ndege

Chibwenzi yekha dziko kuti ali ndi zambiri kapena zochepa bwino opaleshoni zinachitikira reusable danga yoyenda wakuti "Space Olumikiza" ndi United States. The ndege yoyamba ya spacecraft ija, "Columbia" zinachitika chimodzimodzi zaka makumi awiri pambuyo Gagarin a ndege, April 12, 1981. USSR woyamba ndi nthawi yokha anapezerapo "Buran" mu 1988. ndege kuti ndi wapadera mfundo zimene zinachitika mu mode kwathunthu basi, ngakhale n'zotheka ndi Buku piloting.

Chionetsero, amene amasonyeza nkhani yonse "ya danga yoyenda Soviet", zikusonyeza Space Museum mu Moscow. Ife amalangiza kuti ayendere ngati pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa!

Kanjira apamwamba pa mfundo zake apamwamba umalandira Ndime ya makilomita 1374, wakhala anafika adalira American pa bolodi "Gemini 11". Izo zinachitika kumbuyo mu 1966. Komanso, "shuttles" Nthawi zambiri ntchito yokonza ndi kukonzanso "Hubble" zakutali, pamene iwo amagwira utumwi mwachilungamo zovuta zinakhazikitsa pamalo okwera pafupifupi 600 makilomita. kawirikawiri, ndege ya spacecraft kanjira ndi pa okwera makilomita 200-300.

Dziwani kuti nthawi yomweyo pambuyo machitidwe a "shuttles" ISS kanjira pang'ono ndi pang'ono anakweza kutalika kwa makilomita 400. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti shuttles anatha kupereka mchitidwe ogwira pamalo okwera makilomita 300 okha, koma siteshoni yokha misanje sanali abwino kwambiri chifukwa kachulukidwe mkulu wa malo ozungulira (miyezo malo, kumene).

ngati flights ikuchitika kupitirira kanjira dziko lapansi?

Beyond mpita wa dziko lapansi anaulukira yekha Achimereka pamene anachita "Apollo" zolinga pulogalamu. Spacecraft mu 1968 orbited mwezi. Onani kuti kuyambira July 16, 1969, ku America ikuchitika pulogalamu awo mwezi, pa nthawi imene anali ikuchitika "mwezi ankafika". Chakumapeto 1972, pulogalamu wakhala phased kunja, chimene chinapangitsa mkwiyo osati American, komanso asayansi Soviet amene chifundo anzawo.

Onani kuti mu USSR panali mapulogalamu zambiri zofanana. Ngakhale akamaliza pafupifupi wodzala ambiri a "zabwino" kukhazikitsa awo sanalembedwe analandira.

Other "danga" a dziko

China anakhala wachitatu danga mphamvu. Izo zinachitika October 15, 2003, pamene sitima "Shenzhou-5" linatulutsidwa pa thambo la danga. Ambiri, Chinese danga pulogalamu kunayamba 70s wa atumwi wotsiriza, koma kenako flights munakonza akanapanda anachita.

Cha m'ma 90 ntchentche mapazi awo umenewu anapangidwa ndi a ku Ulaya ndi Japanese. Koma ntchito zawo kukhala reusable zinakhazikitsa spacecraft anaimitsidwa patapita zaka zingapo chitukuko, monga Soviet-Russian "Soyuz" zinali zosavuta, abwino ndi mtengo, chifukwa nzeru zachuma ntchito.

Space zokopa alendo ndi "danga payekha"

Kuyambira mu 1978, pa sitima siteshoni ya USSR / Russian Federation ndi United States ndi zouluka chombo kuchokera m'mayiko ambiri. Komanso posachedwapa ikupita patsogolo otchedwa "danga zokopa alendo" pamene yachibadwa (zachilendo mwayi chuma) Munthu angathe kupita kukaona ISS. M'mbuyomu posachedwapa chiyambi cha chitukuko cha mapulogalamu ofanana ananenanso China.

Koma chisangalalo chenicheni anayambitsa pulogalamu Ansari X-Prize, amene unayambitsidwa mu 1996. Ndi mawu ake chofunika kuti kampani mseri (popanda thandizo la boma) ngwokhoza kuukitsa (awiri) ndi kutalika kwa makilomita 100 m'chombo ndi gulu la anthu atatu mpaka mapeto a 2004. mphoto koposa olemekezeka - miliyoni 10 dollars. makampani oposa khumi ndi awiri ndipo anthu ngakhale mseri yomweyo anayamba ntchito zawo.

Choncho anayamba mbiri yatsopano ya astronautics, imene "anatulukira" kwa chilengedwe akanakhoza theoretically kukhala munthu aliyense.

The kupambana loyamba "privateers"

Popeza zipangizo mwakuchita iwo analibe kupita kwenikweni danga, mtengo chofunika maulendo ang'onoang'ono. Woyamba payekha chombo SpaceShipOne unayambitsidwa mu chirimwe oyambirira 2004. Analenga kampani scaled wake nsanganizo.

Lathu msonkhano "chiwembu ziphunzitso"

Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito ambiri (pafupifupi chilichonse mu general) mfundo zina zochitika za mseri "yokha" ndi ntchito pa V-2 ndi Soviet "Buran", ndi zolembedwa zonse pa zimene pambuyo 90s " mwadzidzidzi "mwadzidzidzi anayamba kupezeka kwa anthu kunja. Ena otsatira kufika ziphunzitso amati USSR ikuchitika (anavutika) woyamba panali Launch mwamsanga 1957-1959.

Palinso malipoti zosatsimikiza kuti Nazi yapangidwa ntchito 40s nkhondo intercontinental kwa kuukira American. Rumor ali ena a ndege mayeso zinali kukwaniritsa msinkhu wa makilomita 100, zomwe zimachititsa iwo (ngati ali) wa cosmonaut choyamba.

"World" nyengo

Kufikira tsopano, mbiri ya malo ogulitsa kufufuza zambiri pa Soviet-Russian "Mir" siteshoni, amene anali kwenikweni chinthu wapadera. yomanga Linamalizidwa mokwanira mpaka April 26, 1996. Ndiye siteshoni linali lofika wachisanu, pa gawo lotsiriza kuti amalola inu maphunziro a zovuta za nyanja, nyanja ndi nkhalango dziko lapansi.

Pa "Mir" yozungulira anali zaka 14.5, amene ali kangapo wamkulu kuposa moyo anakonza. Mu nthawi yekha zida zonse za sayansi tonnes zoposa 11 adaperekedwa kwa iye, asayansi phunziro zikwizikwi zatsopano wapadera, ena mwa anakonzeratu chitukuko cha sayansi dziko kwa zaka onse anatsata. Komanso, chombo ndipo chombo anatengedwa kuchokera ku siteshoni 75 EVAs, nthawi okwana masiku 15.

Mbiri ya ISS

Pomanga la International Space Station ochokera m'mayiko 16 nawo. Chopereka zikuluzikulu chilengedwe chake padera Russia, Europe (Germany ndi France), komanso akatswiri American. malo lakonzedwa zaka 15 za utumiki ndi kuthekera yosintha.

Woyamba yaitali ntchito kwa ISS unayambitsidwa mu mochedwa October 2000. gulu mamembala ake kale anapita utumwi 42 yaitali. Tikumbukenso kuti ulendo 13 ku siteshoni anafika ku Brazil wokayenda pamwezi Marcos Pontes choyamba mu dziko. Iye bwinobwino ntchito zonse ankafuna kwa iye, ndiyeno Earth kukhala mbali ya mamembala a mishoni 12.

Umo ndi momwe mbiri anapangidwa spaceflight. Panali ambiri atulukira ndi zigonjetso, ena kupeleka moyo wawo kwa anthu konse koma wakhoza kuyitana danga la nyumba yake. Chimodzi chokha chimene lotukuka adzapitiriza kafukufuku wake m'dera lino, ndi kamodzi tikuyembekezera kulamulira Mapulaneti pafupi.