Komiti ya Prince Ivan Kalita. Ivan Kalita: Mu ulamuliro

ndondomeko Large kugwa mu zikomo mbiri malonda awo, osati dzina, koma iwo amene, kamodzi deta umapereka kulola ana kuti aone mmene munthu wolamulirayo. dzina lake Kalita Ivan Danilovich analandira pa moyo wa kuwolowa manja wasonyeza kwa osauka. Kalita - lamba thumba, chikwama. Mu Moscow m'mayiko anakhalabe nthano za mmene Prince kugawira ndalama zasiliva, zomwe anatenga lamba chikwama atapachikidwa pa lamba. Komanso, yosalekerera ndalama, ankagula ukulu wapafupi mwakhama priraschivaya m'mayiko ena. Munthu chidwi zamtendere talente, wanzeru ndi wowolowa manja, mochenjera ndi lolimba, logwirizana ambiri Russian dziko ndipo anayambitsa Moscow boma - ndi Grand Duke wa Moscow, Ivan Kalita, zaka ya ulamuliro - kuchokera 1325 mpaka 1340 Today ife kulankhula za izo.

A mbadwa ya Aleksandra Nevskogo

Macitidwe musakhale deta yolondola pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Ivan Danilovich: azambiriyakale oongoka kwa nthawi kuchokera 1282 pa zaka 1283. Iye anali mwana wachinayi wa Moscow Prince Daniel Alexandrovich ndi mdzukulu wa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Malinga ndi malamulo a nthawi imeneyo mwana wachinayi sakanatha kwa mpando kalonga, koma kunapezeka kuti anatenga dzina la Ivan Ine Kalita. Olamulira a Russia zambiri udindo onse mosayembekezereka.

Njira mpandowachifumu

Kutchula koyamba za Ivan Danilovich mu za Novgorod Chronicle unalembedwa 1296 chaka chifukwa maonekedwe ake mu Mzinda. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma cinai analamulira ku Pereslavl-Zaleski, ndi bwino kwambiri mu nkhondo ndi lina la Tver boyars Akinfiev mu 1305.

Mu 1303 bambo ake anamwalira Ivan Daniil Aleksandrovich, ndi Kalonga wachifumu akudutsa m'bale wake wamkulu Yuri, amene analamulira Moscow nthaka ndi 1303 pa zaka 1325. nthawi yonseyi Ivan wapereka thandizo amphamvu Yuri. Nthawi zambiri nkhani za ndipo anapita kwa Golden gulu Yuri Danilovich ndi mtima wodekha anasiya ukulu, amene anali asamalidwe Ivan Kalita. Mu ulamuliro wa Yuri Danilovich - ndi 1303 kuti 1325 Panthawi imeneyi, pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana abale ena anaphedwa Ivan Kalita, ndipo pamene m'manja mwa chiguluchi Tver kalonga afa Yury wa Moscow, pakubwera ulamuliro Ivana Kality.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa

Iyo inali nthawi lolimba. Gulu Mphamvu adzakhala athandize lonse la Russia. Ndi ulamuliro wa aliyense kalonga analimbikira gulu la. Pamene John Danilovich anatenga mpandowachifumu, anakakamizika kupita Golden gulu. Pali mu nzeru zake zonse anasonyeza luso lake lalikulu zamtendere. Iye anatha kukambirana ndi Chitata anapereka mphatso chofunika kwambiri kuposa anafuna kuli mtendere ndi kuteteza Muscovy ku anawazunza wa Chitata, kuchititsa mavuto adzaoneni.

Masiku amenewo, bata ndi mtendere anali zosatheka. Ndipotu, ngati imayendetsedwa ndi malipiro yaikulu msonkho kwa nthawi lichotse Chitata anawazunza, anansi - akalonga - akhoza mumalozana ntchito yatsopano. Moscow akalonga nthawi ankalimbana ndi lina la Tver. Ndipo Tver anali bwino kwambiri kuposa Moscow. Iye adaimira Volga, ndipo ndinakulira malonda olemera ndi kudutsa chaka ndi chaka kwambiri pogonjetsa mayiko Russian. Iwo anazindikira Ivan Danilovich Kalita. kulamulira zaka The anaphunzitsa chipiriro ndi ntchito mwayi dontho-pansi, ngakhale kwambiri zomvetsa chisoni.

Part mu ulendo Chilango ndi Tver ndipo zotsatira zake

Zomwe zinachitika mu August 1327 Tver kugalukira motsutsa Chitata, tverichey adadzizunzira, anatembenuka kalekale m'njira ina. Chifukwa cha kupanduka otchuka anali chiwonongeko chotheratu cha Chitata asilikali pa gulu akhoza koma kuyankha. Ndipo mu 1328 iye anali zokuzira kunja ulendo Chilango ndi Tver, imene akalonga ambiri, kuphatikizapo Ivan Kalita zaka za amene ulamuliro anali tangoyamba. Iye sakanakhoza kusamvera, ndipo anaona yimitsira wa Tver mphamvu tsogolo la boma Muscovite. Akadzagonjetsedwa Tver akulamulira ake Prince Alexander anathawira Pskov. Ivan Kalita ku Chiuzibeki Khan analowa malo a ukulu wa Kostroma ndi luso kulamulira Great Novgorod.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa Suzdal mu 1331 Kalonga wa Moscow anapangidwa kuchokera Khan Chiuzibeki chizindikiro (chilolezo) kwa Grand Duchy a Vladimir ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse ndale kum'mawa Russia. Komanso, Ivan Danilovich, kusonyeza bwino kwambiri, adawawumiriza Khan kwa zisanachitikepo pangano: 1 Ivan Chiuzibeki analangiza kusonkhanitsa misonkho anthu pousinthanitsa ndi lonjezo kuukira ndipo anatumiza Baskakov. mbali zonse ndasunga malonjezo awo, anatseka Tartars adzafunkha dziko Russian, oopa mkwiyo wa Chiuzibeki ndi Kalita malipiro a msonkho anakhazikitsa.

nkhani mkati

Mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo adzalemekeza ulamuliro wa Prince Ivana Danilovicha Kality: kukambirana ndi gulu, adakwaniritsa mwaife nthawi yaikulu ya mtendere ndi bata, imene ikuchitika ntchito angapo zikuluzikulu, amathandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa mphamvu Moscow.

zaka makumi anai a chete anali anapereka kwa Russian nthaka Ivan Danilovich. Mpaka 1368 pa dziko Moscow sanali anaukira umodzi. Kodi kuchita izo? Prince anachita pamaso pa gulu maudindo ake onse; iye nthawi zonse analipira msonkho, ankapereka mphatso zambirimbiri Khan, nthawi akubwera kwa Iye.

Ivan Kalita: Mu ulamuliro

Pa funso la mmene amapezera ndalama zazikulu kwambiri za ndalama, palibe yankho limodzi. Komabe, amadziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake, kalonga anatha kuchotsa msewu kuchokera achifwamba ndipo looters, chinivshih iwo chamanyazi, umene analandira dzina lakuti chachiwiri - Good, napita amalonda Moscow ndi katundu, kukula liwiro ndi msonkho wa kasitomu.

Komanso, pozindikira kuti olamulira m'dera n'kukagwiritsa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha msonkho anasonkhana, Ivan Danilovich ntchito njira nkhanza kusonkhanitsa zake zonse, analanga thieving kazembe sanasonyeze chifundo owatsutsa.

Ivan Danilovich wapanga maulendo angapo kumpoto Russian, imene imasonyeza gwero lina la ndalama - nsomba ubweya. Njirazi mwachidziwikire, ndi kumulola kuti masamu kwathunthu osati ndi Golden gulu, komanso kusintha kwakukulu mu ukulu wa.

Moscow - likulu la Mpingo Russian

Ivan Danilovich sanali basi achipembedzo, iye anali wotsimikiza chiyamiko exclusivity chifukwa cha Mulungu, ndipo anawerenga pa thandizo la Metropolitan mu kukhazikitsa kwa zolinga zawo kugwirizanitsa mayiko Russian ndi mtima wa Moscow State. Kusamalira za chitetezo cha ukulu wa, Ivan Danilovich zikutipatsa latsopano thundu Kremlin, zoteteza mzinda ndi anabzala. Pa gawo la boma la Russia kwa zaka 1326 kuti 1333, anamanga zazikulu mwala akachisi: Arkhangelsk, Mpulumutsi ndi Mfundo Cathedral, Mpingo wa Ioanna Lestvichnika ndi Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika wa Moscow akalonga nkhondo ulamuliro m'mayiko Russian wa kumpoto ndi mgwirizano ndi dipatimenti mzinda, amene unayambitsidwa zambiri Yuri Danilovich.

Mwina yaikulu yomanga kuvota ndi Metropolitan Peter kukonza nyumba yake mu Moscow. Kwa zaka zingapo anali kufunafuna malo oyenera kwa cholinga ichi. Mu 1326 Metropolitan Peter anamwalira ndipo anaikidwa mu Moscow. Kenako mkulu wa Vladimir, Ivan Danilovich wapanga canonization la Peter.

The Board ndi ntchito ya Ivan Kalita

Zochokera kuchirikiza mwachangu Mpingo Orthodox Russian n'kukagwira mfundo woyenera wa akulumikiza m'mayiko Russian, Ivan 1 anagulidwa kapena anapambana ukulu latsopano, kusiya impso mphamvu m'manja mwa akalonga m'deralo, tinganene kuti udindo wa akuluakulu a Moscow kalonga. The kulemba wauzimu wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoi, mdzukulu wa Ivan Danilovich osonyezedwa kugwirizana Moscow m'mayiko kukopedwa pa nthawi zosiyana za Uglich, Galich ndi Merskogo Beloozero.

Zovuta Ivan Danilovich wakhala anali pa ubwenzi ndi Tver. Pambuyo chiwembu cha zaka 1337 kuti 1327 malamulo ake mwachilungamo okhulupirika Konstantin, koma kenako anabwerera ku Tver Prince-ukapolo, iye wakhululukidwa Khan Chiuzibeki, Alexander. Pozindikira Kukangana akuyamba kachiwiri, Ivan Danilovich anapita ku gulu ndipo, kupereka Khan mphatso cholinga iye amene Alexander anali masewera awiri, utumiki wa Lithuania. Kenako mkulu wa Tver ndipo akufuna, koma Umapeza Kalita, ndipo mu 1339 mu gulu Khan Chiuzibeki anaphedwa limodzi ndi mwana wake Theodore. Iye anachita nkhanza ndi adani ake, Ivan Kalita 1. Mu ulamuliro chinachitikira ndi ankhanza ndi zovuta, kotero iye ankasewera mwa malamulo ake.

Lowunikira m'nthawi mlembi wamkulu

Zinali bwino lotsiriza la Ivan Danilovich. M'chaka cha 1340 iye anadwala, anapuma malonjezo kumene kumakhala Amonke mu Spassky ansembe yotchedwa, amene anamanga pafupi ndi nyumba yake. Kweneko Iye akhala miyezi wake womaliza wa moyo wake ndipo anamwalira mu March 1341.

Iwo amakhala apamwamba zolembalemba chipilala, lolembedwa ndi munthu wa ansembe. Njirayi imatchedwa "Kuyamikidwa Ivan Kalita", pomwe zochita wolemekezeka kwambiri ndi zochita "wotchera wa dziko Russian", omwe ali a kalonga Ivan Kalita, mbiri, mfundo bolodi ndi zolinga zomwe adamangidwa cholinga mfulu - kulenga boma Moscow.