GIS - ndi ... Geographic Information KA

GIS - GIS ndi kachitidwe kamakono mafoni, amene angathe kuonetsa malo anu pa mapu. Pa mtima katundu yofunika iyi ndi ntchito ya umisiri awiri: mudziwe malo osiyanasiyana ndi pamalo lonse. Ngati foni ali ndi ophatikizidwa GPS-wolandila, ntchito ngati chipangizo angathe kudziwa malo choncho zolondola amayang'anira GIS yokha. Mwatsoka, chirengedwe umisiri mfundo ndi kachitidwe mu mabuku Chirasha sayansi, kudzera mwa ochepa mabuku Choncho pafupifupi palibe zokhudza ma aligorivimu kuti chimayambitsa magwiridwe awo.

Gawo GIS

Geographic Information KA magawano zikuchitika pa mfundo Kupititsa:

1. Global GIS ntchito kuteteza opangidwa ndi masoka achilengedwe m'chaka cha 1997. Deta izi n'zotheka m'kanthawi kocepa kulosera lonse la tsoka, dongosolo la liquidation zingachitike, kuti aone zinthu zowonongeka ndi imfa ya moyo, komanso kuti bungwe zochita anthu.
2. System Regional Geographic Information anayamba pa mlingo oyang'anira tauni. Timatha Makonsolo kulosera za chitukuko cha dera lina. dongosolo ili mukuimira pafupifupi onse m'madera zofunika, monga ndalama, katundu, panyanja, pazankhani, malamulo ndi ena. Iwo Tisaiwalenso kuti ntchito ya umisiri izi mwayi kuti akhale ngati guarantor a chitetezo onse a anthu. System Regional Geographic Information panopa ntchito bwino ndithu ndi kulimbikitsa ndalama ndi kukula mofulumira chuma m'maderawa.

Gulu lililonse pamwamba ali subtypes ena:

• The GIS lonse zikuphatikizapo dongosolo dziko ndi subcontinental, kawirikawiri ndi udindo boma.
• Pa dera - m'deralo, boma dera, m'deralo.

Data pa machitidwe mudziwe deta angapezeke mu zigawo wapadera wa maukonde, wotchedwa geoportals. Iwo anayikidwa mu ankalamulira kwa review popanda malamulo alionse.

Mfundo ntchito

Geographic machitidwe mudziwe ntchito pa mfundo za kukafola ndi kukhala aligorivimu. Timatha kayendedwe ka chinthu anasonyeza pa mapu GIS, kuphatikizapo kayendedwe wa foni ndi dongosolo la mpingowo. Kusonyeza kuti mfundo imeneyi m'dera zojambula, muyenera kudziwa ndondomeko osachepera awiri - X ndi Y. Pamene chisonyezo kwa chinthu pa mapu chofunika kudziwa ndondomeko ya ndondomeko (Xk ndi Yk). ntchito yawo ayenera kutsatira nthawi zosiyana za dongosolo m'dera GIS. Ichi ndi maziko tipeze malo chinthu.

ndondomeko iyi ya ndondomeko akhoza yotsatira kuchokera muyezo NMEA-file a GPS-wolandila, kuchita gulu lenileni pansi. Choncho, zochokera aligorivimu panopa ndi ntchito deta NMEA-file ndi ndondomeko ya njira yodutsamo wa chinthu m'gawo ena. Deta zofunika akhoza analandira chifukwa cha kayeseleledwe za ndondomeko ya kayendedwe pamaziko a zoyeserera kompyuta.

ma aligorivimu GIS

Geographic machitidwe zambiri zimamangidwa pa deta loyambirira, lomwe akutengedwa kukhala aligorivimu. Childs, akonzedwa a ndondomeko (Xk ndi Yk), lolingana ndi njira yodutsamo wa chinthu mawonekedwe a NMEA-file ndi digito GIS mapu pa malo anasankha malo. Vuto ndi kukhalanso aligorivimu kuti amasonyeza zoyenda mfundo chinthu. M'kupita kwa ntchito ma aligorivimu zitatu bwinobwino zakuya ntchitoyo.

• Woyamba GIS aligorivimu - izo NMEA-file kusanthulidwe ka deta kuti wachotsa therefrom ndi ntchito ndondomeko (Xk ndi Yk),
• The aligorivimu chachiwiri ntchito kuwerengera chinthu ngodya ya njanji, n'kulemba chizindikiro imagwiridwa malangizo kum'mawa.
• The aligorivimu lachitatu - kudziwa mlingo wa chinthu wachibale kadinalayo.

Zowombetsa mkota aligorivimu: onse Lingaliro

A aligorivimu zowombetsa mkota pa asayansi kayendedwe ka mfundo chinthu pa mapu GIS zikuphatikizapo zitatu ndaitchula aligorivimu:

• deta NMEA kusanthula;
• kuwerengetsa njanji ngodya wa chinthu;
• kudziwa zochita za chinthu poyerekeza ndi maiko padziko lonse lapansi.

Geographic machitidwe mfundo ndi aligorivimu zowombetsa mkota ndi zofunika ulamuliro mchitidwe - ndi powerengetsera (powerengetsera). Standard vuto ndi kuti akulola pulogalamu kupanga zinthu fupipafupi. Kugwiritsa amenewa chinthu akhoza kuyika nthawi chofunika kuchita mndandanda wa ndondomeko kapena ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mobwerezabwereza kuchita nthawi imeneyi wachiwiri limodzi, m'pofunika kukhazikitsa katundu zotsatirazi powerengetsera ndi:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = oona.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, aliyense yachiwiri kuyamba ndondomeko kuwerenga ndondomeko ya X, Y wa chinthu wa NMEA-file, kotero kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi ndondomeko analandira chimaonetsedwa pa mapu GIS.

Mfundo ntchito powerengetsera

Ntchito kachitidwe geoinformation chiri motere:

1. Pa mapu digito atatu Amowabu mfundo (chizindikiro - 1, 2, 3) omwe amayenderana ndi njira yodutsamo wa chinthu pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana nthawi tk2, tk1, tk. Iwo ndithudi ogwirizana ndi mzere umodzi.
2. Kutembenuza osinthasintha powerengetsera, ndi kuwonetsera ulamuliro kayendedwe ka chinthu pa mapu, pogwiritsa, wosuta amayikanikiza mabatani. kufunika ndi kuphatikiza ena akhoza kuphunzira pansi chiwembu cha.

NMEA-file

Ife mwachidule pofotokoza Kapangidwe ka GIS NMEA-file. chikalata ichi kwalembedwa mu mtundu ASCII. Ndipotu, ndi protocol kwa kupatsana zambiri pakati pa GPS-wolandila ndi zipangizo zina monga PC kapena PDA. Uthenga uliwonse NMEA imayamba ndi $ chizindikiro, kenako chizindikiro chipangizo ziwiri khalidwe (kwa GPS-wolandila - GP) ndipo itha akuyambira \ r Mukhoza \ N - khalidwe ophimba kubwerera ndi newline. Zoona deta mu zidziwitso chimadalira pa mtundu wa uthenga. mfundo zonse uli mu mzere umodzi, ndi minda ankasiyana mipatuliro.

Pofuna kumvetsa mmene malo osiyanasiyana machitidwe zambiri, ndi okwanira kuphunzira mtundu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ya uthenga $ GPRMC muli osachepera, koma kuika zofunika deta: location chinthu cha, liwiro lake ndi nthawi.
Taganizirani chitsanzo loti mudziwe ndiyotengera izi:

• tsiku kudziwa ndondomeko ya chinthu - January 7, 2015 ga.
• UTC UTC Positioning - 10h 54m 52s;
• amayang'anira wa chinthu - 55 ° 22,4271 'N 36. ° 44,1610 'E

Ife kutsindika kuti ndondomeko ya chinthu ali madigiri ndi mphindi, amene yamasika chithunzi wapatsidwa inayi malo decimal (kapena mfundo monga gawo decimal wa nambala lenileni mu mtundu USA). M'tsogolo muyenera kuti file mu NMEA-kumpoto malo chinthu ndiye angathe pambuyo koma lachitatu ndi longitude - pambuyo wachisanu. Kumapeto kwa uthenga imafalikira checksum pambuyo chizindikiro '*' mu mawonekedwe a manambala awiri hexadecimal - 6C.

System Information Geographic: Chitsanzo cha aligorivimu

Taganizirani aligorivimu NMEA-file kusanthula kuti akatenge ya ndondomeko (X ndi Yk), logwirizana ndi njira ya kayendedwe wa chinthu. Zikhale za zinthu zingapo zotsatizana.

Khama la ndondomeko ya chinthu Y

NMEA kusanthulidwe ka deta aligorivimu

Khwerero 1. Werengani GPRMC chingwe cha NMEA-file.

Gawo 2: Pezani lachitatu decimal mfundo malo pa chingwe (Q).

Gawo 3: Pezani malo a Mfundo yachinayi mu chingwe (R).

Gawo 4. Pezani, kuyambira pa malo Q, ndi decimal mfundo khalidwe (T).

Gawo 5. Kuti munthu wina kuchokera chingwe ndi udindo (r Mukhoza + 1).

Gawo 6: Ngati khalidwe ndi W, ndiye NorthernHemisphere variable wayikidwa 1, mwinamwake -1.

Khwerero 7. Tingafinye (r Mukhoza + 2) mizere ya zilembo kuyambira udindo (t-2).

Gawo 8. Tingafinye (tq-3) mizere ya zilembo kuyambira malo (Q + 1).

Gawo 9. Sinthani zingwe chiwerengero chenicheni ndi Y ntchito za chinthu yopangidwa mu radians.

Khama la ndondomeko ya chinthu X

Gawo 10. Pezani malo a mfundo chachisanu mu mzere (n).

Gawo 11. Pezani malo a mfundo chimodzi mu mzere (m).

Gawo 12: Pezani, kuyambira pa malo N, ndi decimal mfundo khalidwe (p).

Gawo 13. Chotsani munthu wina wa chingwe ili pa malo (m + 1).

Gawo 14. Ngati khalidwe ndi 'E, ndiye kuti variable EasternHemisphere wayikidwa 1, mwinamwake -1.

Gawo 15. Chotsani (m-tsa + 2) mizere ya zilembo kuyambira malo (p-2).

Gawo 16. Chotsani (p-n + 2) mzere wa anthu otchulidwa kuyambira malo (n + 1).

Gawo 17. Sinthani zingwe chiwerengero chenicheni ndi kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa X ntchito za chinthu radians.

Gawo 18. Ngati NMEA-file si kuwerenga mpaka pa mapeto, ndiye kupita 1, mwinamwake kupita mwatsatane 19.

Khwelero 19. kumaliza aligorivimu.

Mu sitepe 6, ndi 16 aligorivimu umagwiritsa zosintha ndi NorthernHemisphere EasternHemisphere n'zosangalatsa kumva 'kala' ikusonyeza kuti malo chinthu dziko. Kumpoto (kum'mwera) Chigawo NorthernHemisphere variable amatenga mtengo 1 (-1), motero, chimodzimodzi kummawa (kumadzulo) Chigawo EasternHemisphere - 1 (-1).

Kugwiritsa GIS

The ntchito kachitidwe mudziwe malo osiyanasiyana ambiri m'madera ambiri:

• Nthaka ndi mapu;
• malonda ndi mautumiki;
• kufufuza;
• zachuma ndi kudzisamalira kwake;
• chitetezo;
• ukachenjede;
• maphunziro ndi ena.