Gulu la zomera: Zitsanzo ndi makhalidwe a magulu akuluakulu taxonomic

zomera zonse padziko lapansili, ndi zina zambiri zosiyanasiyana zimene akatswiri kuposa kamodzi anayesa bungwe iwo. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, iwo anawagawa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu zomera ndi magulu. Maziko a mtundu uwu kusanja kuika chikhalidwe chawo chachikulu. M'nkhaniyi, ndi gulu mwadongosolo zomera adzakhala yafupika. Padzakhala adzapatsidwa makhalidwe awo zikuluzikulu ndi mbali structural.

Gulu la zomera: Zitsanzo ndi zizindikiro

Choyamba, tiyenera kuti zomera ndi zamoyo amatha zakudya autotrophic. Iwo kubala organic awo nkhani - shuga zimam'patsa pa dzuwa kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi. Zimenezi zimachitika chloroplasts - ndi plastids wobiriwira. Koma pa chikhalidwe chimodzi: ngati pali dzuwa. dzina zamoyo zimenezi - photosynthesis. Ichi ndi chinthu chachikulu umene wafala pa malo a mbewu gulu zachokera mbali ya kapangidwe awo mu chimango cha ndondomeko chirengedwe. tate wake ndi Zhan Batist Lamark, amene anayambitsa awiri (bayinare) mitundu dzina. Gulu la zomera (tebulo ndi zitsanzo), kuona mapeto kwa nkhani ino.

zomera m'munsi

Woyamba ndipo ambiri wosazindikira zomera kuti anatuluka pa kusanduka, ndi algae. Iwo akutchedwanso m'munsi. Ndi gulu mwadongosolo zomera. Zitsanzo za gulu :. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Spirogyra, Laminaria, Sargassum, etc. wotsika zomera ofanana ndi thupi lawo aumbike mwa maselo munthu amene sabala nsalu. Iwo akutchedwa Thallus kapena Thallus. Mizu ya algae nawonso ali kwina. Ntchito ubwenzi gawo lapansi apitirize filamentous rhizoids maphunziro. Zowoneka, amaoneka ngati mizu, koma amasiyana iwo, pakalibe minofu.

zomera apamwamba

Tsopano tiyeni tione mitundu ya zomera, gulu ili zachokera Kapangidwe ka vuto la. Izi otchedwa woyamba kubwera kumtunda. Kukhala chilengedwe, kuti akhale nsalu makina ndi conductive. Woyamba zomera m'dziko - Rhyniophyta - anali zamoyo yaing'ono. Ankawaphwanyira masamba ndi mizu, koma anali ndi minofu: woyamba wa zonse makina ndi conductive, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri kudzala moyo pa dziko. thupi lawo ndi madera aboveground ndi mobisa Komabe, m'malo mizu anali rhizoids. Rhyniophyta kubalana kumachitika mwa asexual kubalana maselo - spores. Zokwiriridwa kuti choyamba zomera apamwamba dziko anaonekera zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo.

zomera apamwamba spore

Gawo yamakono ya zomera, zitsanzo zomwe zapatsidwa m'nkhani amanena Vuto dongosolo awo mogwirizana ndi anatengera kwa kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndere, kalabu ndere, horsetails ndi Mumapezekanso ali woyamba lapadziko zamoyo. Iwo kubereka mwa spores. Mu mkombero moyo wa zomera pali kusinthana kwa mibadwo: kugonana ndi asexual, ndi predominance mmodzi wa iwo.

zomera apamwamba mbewu

Gulu lalikulu la zomera Chili zamoyo kuti kubereka m'mbewu zobereka. Ndi kovuta kupeza poyerekeza ndi spores. mbewu imakhala khanda, atazunguliridwa ndi malo michere ndi peel. Kumatetezera thupi ndi zinthu chowawa m'tsogolo pa chitukuko. Chifukwa dongosolo lino, mbewu mwayi bwino kukhala ndi kukula, ndipo ngakhale pamafunika zinthu zina: kukhalapo kwa kutentha, okwanira kuchuluka kwa dzuwa mphamvu ndi chinyezi. gulu limapangidwa m'magulu awiri: holo - ndi mitundu angiosperm.

gymnosperms

mbali khalidwe la wagawo ichi ndi kupanda maluwa ndi zipatso. Mbewu kukhala pa sikelo phirilo lotseguka, T. E. poyera. Choncho, ambabzala wa gulu limeneli, ndipo tikutchedwera. gymnosperms kwambiri umaimiridwa ndi conifers. Iwo yodziwika ndi apical mphukira kukula, pamaso pa chimachititsanso wapadera, wodzazidwa ndi utomoni ndi mafuta n'kofunika. Singano ngati masamba a zomera zimenezi zimatchedwa singano. stomata awo komanso odzazidwa ndi utomoni, potero popewa kwambiri evaporation ndondomeko ndi imfa zoipa chinyezi. Choncho ambiri conifers ndi yobiriwira. Iwo Musakhetse masamba ndi isanayambike nyengo yozizira. Cones kwa gymnosperms onse osati zipatso, chifukwa iwo alibe kupanga maluwa. Ichi ndi kusinthidwa wapadera yothawira, amene amachita ntchito ya kubereka zobereka.

angiosperms

Ichi ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri zomera ndi ovuta kwambiri kupeza. Iwo panopa zatenga malo lalikulu pa dziko. Mbali awo khalidwe ndi kukhalapo kwa maluwa ndi zipatso. Dipatimenti ya angiosperms, nayenso, alipo magulu awiri: mmodzi ndi dicotyledonous. Mbali yaikulu ndi mwadongosolo - yoyenera kuchuluka kwa cotyledons mu Ndisanaumbidwe mbewu. Mwachidule gulu la zomera, ndi zitsanzo za mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe ka waukulu taxonomic mayunitsi amaoneka tebulo. Zikutsindika zovuta mu kapangidwe ka zamoyo m'kati kusanduka.

Gulu la zomera: tebulo ndi zitsanzo

mitundu yonse ya zomera akhoza systematized. Tiyeni mwachidule onse pamwamba, ntchito tebulo pansipa:

Gulu panopa zamoyo mbewu kwambiri facilitates ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wawo, timatha kukhazikitsa makhalidwe ndi interrelationships pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana.