Inland madzi a kum'mawa Siberia. Mitsinje, nyanja, Eastern Siberia, makamaka chikhalidwe cha

Siberia - wapadera zachilengedwe dera nyama ndi zomera zidzasintha. Geographic mbali ya malo amenewa angakhale chidwi osati kwa asayansi ndi akatswiri, komanso apaulendo wamba ndi anthu amene amasamala za dziko ndi zonse zosiyanasiyana ake. Maziko a chitukuko cha madera zambiri madzi. Mwina n'chifukwa chake oyamba ayenera kuyamba ndi chuma madzi. Ndiyeno kodi madzi mkati mwa kum'mawa Siberia, kuti iwo ndi ofunika podziwa? Tiyeni kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mitsinje, nyanja ndi nyanja m'chigawo, ndi nyama ndi zomera, komanso zochititsa Hrs ndi nyengo.

malo Hrs

Dera chimakwirira makilomita lalikulu miliyoni asanu. Geography kum'mawa Siberia zikuphatikizapo malo ku mapiri, kulenga kusiyana pakati pa Pacific Ocean ndi Arctic, kwa Yenisei beseni. Pakati ndi ku Central Siberia Plateau. Komanso, pali awiri m'zigwa. Izi North-chapakati Siberia ndi Yakutia. Mountains imapezeka mu Baikal ndi Yenisei Ridge.

Kutalika kwa dera kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera ndi makilomita zikwi zitatu. Malire a kum'mawa Siberia zili Mongolia ndi China. Mu kumpoto, pa mfundo ndi Cape Chelyuskin. Ambiri a m'gawo ndi osiyana zokwanira udindo pamwamba pa nyanja. Mtsinje East Siberia, mndandanda wa waukulu wa tikambirana pansipa, osiyana madzi mkulu ndi kusala mafunde, nthawi zambiri anatumidwa ndi m'zigwa zakuya.

ili Archean-Proterozoic chapansi, lomwe limapezeka padziko kum'mwera kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa dziko ofotokoza. Ntaka monga PAMASILETI, nsangalabwi, charnockites. Features wa mbale tectonic mderali kupereka chosiyana analowa mpumulo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti gulu ofanana padziko zimawonedwa ngakhale pansi pa madzi a m'nyanja ya Baikal, pansi pa amene amawathandiza ledges lonse.

Lena

Woyamba ndi kukhazikitsa umodzi wa mitsinje lalikulu mu dziko. m'litali ndi zikwi zinayi mazana anai makilomita, m'dera beseni - mazana anayi makumi asanu ndi anayi zikwi makilomita lalikulu. m'dera Aika ili mu dera Irkutsk ndi Yakutia. Istok lili otsetsereka a Baikal Mountains pamalo okwera pafupifupi zikwi mamita pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo amalowa Lena mu Nyanja Laptev. Njirayi mtsinje umayenda mwa miyala ndi nayonso. M'nyengo yozizira amaundana pafupifupi pansi, ndi youma yotentha akhoza adzauma kwathunthu. Mphamvu amaperekedwa ndi mpweya wa Lena Mtsinje ndi nyanja ya dera Baikal. M'madera ena, akafika akuya mamita khumi, ndipo m'lifupi chigwa kungakhale kwa makilomita atatu.

Abwezeretse izo asymmetrical - wina waulemu otsetsereka, ndipo chachiwiri - mkulu ndi phompho. Makhwawa, amenenso kupereka Lena Mtsinje chakudya ndi Vitim Viluy, Aldan. Near Yakutsk chidwi zachilengedwe mapangidwe masitepe mchenga. Pa zana ndi makumi asanu makilomita m'nyanja akuyamba ankadziwana, yemwe ali mmodzi wa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. m'gawo lake chimakwirira zikwi makumi makilomita lalikulu - lonse chinanso sangathe kudzitama ngakhale Nile. Mu ankadziwana pali zilumba zambiri, anapanga kuchokera mchenga anandibweretsera.

Lena zambiri chotengera kasupe, makamaka malire chapamwamba. Madzi osefukira zingachitike chilimwe, pambuyo mvula. Panthawi zimenezi, dziwe zina wofuna, koma si nthawi zonse amakhala abwino kukhala.

Yenisei

Tipitiriza kufufuza madzi mkati mwa kum'mawa Siberia. Yenisei ndi umodzi wa mitsinje yaikulu ya la Russia. Dzinali amachokera ku mawu Evenk "Jonas" kutanthauza "madzi chachikulu". Mtsinjewo Chochuluka kwambiri.

Pool makamaka ili mu Krasnoyarsk Gawo. Malire chapamwamba zili m'gawo la Mongolia. Kutalika kwa Yenisei Mtsinje ndi atatu mphambu mazana anayi ndi makilomita eyite-seveni. Pool kudzadza makhwawa angapo, ambiri a iwo - banki bwino. Zikuphatikizapo Tuba, Angara Kan Kureika, miyala ndi wotsika Tunguska, Hantayka. makhwawa Kumanzere ndi Abakan, Sym, Kas Turuhan, Elohim. Kutalika chidwi wa Yenisei Mtsinje ndi zikupereka chidwi pachaka otaya - ndi makilomita oposa asanu. The dziwe losambira ali zikwi zana nyanja, wotchuka kwambiri amene ali Baikal. Komanso, pali madamu zingapo ndi awiri Madamu lalikulu - Sayano-Shushenskaya ndi Krasnoyarsk. Pambuyo pake, mtsinje umayenda mu Yenisei Bay, m'dziko la Nyanja Kara.

ob

Kum'mawa Siberia wolemera mitsinje kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ob - mmodzi wa waukulu osati Russia komanso pa Africa Eurasian. Iwo aumbike mwa confluence wa Biya ndi Katun mtsinje ndi ukufika Nyanja Kara. Mtsinjewo zikwi zitatu mazana asanu ndi makumi asanu makilomita. Top Inde ali ndi chigwa waukulu. Iwo itsekeke pang'ono pakamwa yekha m'tauni ya Kamen-na-Obi. makhwawa Major zikuphatikizapo Tom, ndi Chulym, tym, Wah ndi Ket, Vasyugan, Irtysh ndi Big Yugan. Komanso, dera la mizinda yambiri kuti mitanda ya mtsinje ob. Barnaul, Salekhard, Surgut, Novosibirsk - iwo onse aime pa magombe ake.

Mu malire chapamwamba ndi chotengera kuchokera April kuti June, ndi pansi pa madzi mkulu limapezeka kuchokera April kuti September. Ice imachititsa izo kwa masiku mazana awiri ndi makumi awiri chaka. Kugombe okutidwa ndi nkhuni, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamwamba m'madera dongo zipolopolo zobisika ndi mafupawa. Zotchuka chaka chilichonse pang'ono kusintha chikuoneka - kumanzere banki umatsuka kutali, ndi bwino amadzaza ndi mchenga ndi matope. Komanso, masika kusefukira kwa mtsinje limatuluka ndi mamita anayi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti malire kwambiri chosadziwika.

Ural

Utali wa Yenisei mtsinje chidwi zedi, komanso Ural ndi chidwi. Iwo amakhala ndi kutalika makilomita zikwi ziwiri mazana anayi makumi awiri ndi asanu ndi atatu ndi malo makilomita lalikulu mazana awiri ndi makumi atatu chikwi. gwero ili pa lokwera Uraltau. Izi ndi mwachilungamo osaya mtsinje - mu chapamwamba ufikira ndi chiyani kawirikawiri kuposa akuya theka mita. Urals zimayendera Sakmara ndi Ilek, komanso mvula ndi kusungunuka chisanu.

Mtsinjewo wa nsomba zosiyanasiyana - apa amapita nsomba Nsombazi, Nsombazi, bream, nsomba, carp, Pike, roach, bream, roach, chub, ide, gudgeon, bream, Grayling. Ural yozizira amaundana - mu malire chapamwamba - kumayambiriro November, ndi pansi - mapeto. Akubwera kuchokera ayezi ndi April.

Selenga

Mtsinje East Siberia, mndandanda umene uli woyenera kuphunzira, monga ichi. Selenga Mtsinje ndi tributary waukulu nyanja ya Baikal ndi uyenda kuchokela Mongolia. gwero lake Zisudzo za Ider Gol ndi Delger-Mourin. Pa chiyambi cha mtsinje uko ndi chidwi kungoganizira. Mwachitsanzo, padangokhala izo anaphatikizidwa hangar lapansi. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso china, Selenga anali tributary wa Lena. Maganizo za chiyambi cha dzina ndi osiyana komanso. Ena amakhulupirira kuti "Selenga" mu Evenki amagwirizana ndi mawu "chitsulo" - "sele". Malinga ndi maganizo ena, ali mawu Buryat "Sal", omwe amasonyeza pali madzi. Mtsinjewo makilomita mazana asanu ndi makumi asanu.

Makhwawa a Selenga ndi Jida, Hillock, Uda, Chika, Temnik. Mu Baikal umabweretsa makumi atatu makilomita kiyubiki madzi pa chaka, zimene nkhani hafu ya inflows okwana. Volume zimadalira nyengo pa chaka - mu June ndi July Selenga kwambiri utumiki wa madzi ndi chimaonekadi shallower kuchokera January kwa March. Pambuyo mvula, mtsinje beseni kufalikira, mlingo kukwera kwa masentimita makumi awiri pa ora. Selenga akubweretsa kwa Baikal si madzi, koma zolimba komanso inaimitsidwa - mchenga, kuchuluka kwa zomwe angafikire matani atatu miliyoni ndi theka pachaka, kuchotsako pansi pake. Kugwera n'nyanza, mtsinje imapanga ankadziwana chidwi umene uli kwambiri makilomita ataphimbidwa ndi m'dambo unconsolidated. Kunja, zikuoneka m'madambo mbalambanda, amene lagawidwa zilumba ting'onoting'ono TV ndipo oxbows wa Selenga. The otaya chachikulu pa gawo ili apita pansi, yemweyo zachilendo njira Selenga ndi pamodzi Baikal.

Pamaso pa ntchito yomanga opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu Irkutsk Delta dera inali nthawi zambiri. Mwazina, malowa chionekera ntchito zivomerezi - apa Zivomezi mphamvu mfundo khumi. Delta kutchulidwa ndi UNESCO monga wapadera chodabwitsa zachilengedwe ndi phindu mapulaneti, ndi Malo otetezedwa. Pa malo oteteza zachilengedwe, kunyumba kwa mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu mbalame, ndi makumi asanu ndi zimene zidalembedwa Red Book. Zikuphatikizapo wakuda Crane, peregrine kabawi, woyera-tailed Ulendo Wautali ndi Asia. Mu kum'mawa kwa ankadziwana ndi ornithological malo "Kabansky" chinkhoswe mu anapulumutsira zatsala pang'ono kutha.

Baikal

Mwa kuphunzira madzi mkati mwa kum'mawa Siberia, sitingathe kuyiwala za nyanja iyi. Ndi madzi oyera waukulu mu Africa, ndipo chachitatu cha matupi onse madzi. Pezani chizindikiro "nyanja. Baikal "pa mapu n'zosavuta - ndi kutalika makilomita oposa mazana asanu, m'lifupi - makumi asanu ndi atatu, kotero kuona mfundo imeneyi ndi yosavuta.

Pa magombe a dziwe zodabwitsa zaka zambiri lokhalamo anthu, koma chikhalidwe komabe zikuoneka zakutchire ndi osafikiridwa, kulenga chikhalidwe wapadera wa malo achilengedwe. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chimodzi cha malo abwino pa dziko chinali ndi maphunziro ngakhalenso mndandanda UNESCO.

Pa nyanja ndi chilumba Olkhon. Woyera Mphuno chilumba ukugawa nyanja. Baikal m'zigawo ziwiri. Kuya pazipita madzi kufika zikwi mazana atatu ndi makumi awiri mamita. Komanso pansi wotsika kwambiri zikuchepa zosiyana otsetsereka mwachindunji mu mzere m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu gombe pafupi kapena awiri wandiweyani sludge akuyamba. pansi makamaka ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitengo, stumps ndi lonse mitengo olowa.

Pa nyanja yaikulu kum'mawa Siberia mazana atatu makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi makhwawa, zofunika kwambiri ndi Upper Angara ndi Tunguska. Baikal kudziwika chimaonekera ndipo galasi madzi bwino. Ndi December, nyanja ndi mazira ndi ayezi akubwera kuchokera mu May. M'nyengo yozizira ayezi mwachindunji akudutsa njira malonda, pamene m'chilimwe pali Company ankachita. madzi ozizira kwambiri - mphepo iwombela kutali ofunda wosanjikiza pamwamba nthawi zonse kuwasakaniza ndi zakuya. Kuyambira kasupe mpaka August pali wandiweyani chifunga.

Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwasonyeza kuti nyanjayi ndi anthu osiyanasiyana mollusks ndi invertebrates, komanso ndi chidwi chiwerengero cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba. madzi Amazing kuti imakhalabe yoonekera poyera ngakhale pansi ayezi, ndi chikhomo, odziwika padziko lonse - kuyang'ana pamwamba angwiro a Nyanja Baikal kukaona ndi anthu a m'dziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, chatsika zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lapansili zingachititse kuti kutha kwa zodabwitsazi - dziwe sakukhulupiriranso chiyero ndipo angasinthe kwambiri mu m'zaka zikubwerazi.

Taimyr

madzi Inland a kum'mawa Siberia zosiyana zosiyanasiyana mbali zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, odziwika bwino Nyanja Taimyr ndi chidwi chifukwa ndi kumpoto kwambiri mu dziko. Wasefukira mu mtsinje wa dzina chomwecho - Taimyr. nyanja ili popitiriratu kudera lozizira, ndi mfundo kumpoto ndi pa madigiri makumi asanu ndi kumpoto. Monga ena mitsinje ya kum'mawa Siberia, dziwe ndi mazira kwa miyezi yambiri ya chaka. Ife zili pa gombe la chilumba - iwo ali osiyana zozungulira mawonekedwe, magombe amiyala ndi ovuta, ena oundana. Amadziwika kuti Lake. Taimyr lili m'dera limene linali kamodzi pansi pa nyanja. Izi zimakhudza mpumulo wa ozungulira dziko dziwe. Phunziro m'mphepete kunachitidwa mu makumi anai za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu - ankachita izi apaulendo wotchuka Laptev Chekin ndi Chelyuskin.

nyanja Khantayskoye

thupi lina lalikulu la madzi ili kum'mwera kwa Taimyr Peninsula. Am'deralo kuitana mosiyana - Kutarmo. Baibulo la "Big Khantayskoye" imatchedwanso. Nearby kuli mudzi wa dzina yemweyo, amene anakhazikitsidwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazo.

thupi ili la madzi imatengedwa wapadera chifukwa cha kuya kwake - zingakhale mamita kwa mazana anayi makumi awiri, kuwonjezera pa Caspian Nyanja ndi Baikal. Nyanja Khantayskoye akutambasula makilomita eyite yaitali makumi awiri ndi isanu m'lifupi, kuphimba kudera la makilomita lalikulu mazana asanu ndi atatu makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. dziwe ili mu tectonics-glacial beseni, limene lili m'dera Putorana kuti yankholo kutalika mamita asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu pamwamba pa nyanja. Nyanja pafupi otchedwa Small Khantayskoye izo zikugwirizana ndi njira. Dera limeneli lili pamwamba pa Arctic Circle, kotero nyengo ndi mmene m'derali, aakulu zokwanira - apa ndiye zone Madzi oundana, choncho madzi ozizira kwambiri Hantayskogo nyanja, ndi chaka chonse.

Kara nyanja

madzi zoweta kum'mawa Siberia ndi zokhudza ku mathanki kunja. Choncho, palibe mavuto kufufuza dera ndi nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, Kara, amene mgulu Siberia Arctic. Zimatanthauza mtundu chokhala ndi nyanja mmphepete ndi ndipamene malire a kum'mawa Siberia kumpoto derali. Malo makilomita lalikulu mazana asanu ndi atatu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zitatu zikwi, kupangitsa munthu yaikulu kwambiri. Voliyumu ya madzi ukufika nainte-eyiti sauzande kiyubiki mamita. Kuya pafupifupi ndi wofanana zana ndi khumi ndi munthu pazipita - mamita mazana asanu. Madzi zambiri archipelagos, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu nyengo yozizira, nyanja pa madera ena kumeneko mphepo yamkuntho. Chimphepo kumadzulo zimbalangondo pa dziko misa ofunda mpweya, nthawi zambiri ndi choncho February. Ndiye kasupe akubwera, mpweya heats mwamsanga, ndi mwezi yotentha ndi July, pamene kutentha akhoza afike kumtunda kwa kuphatikiza madigiri makumi awiri Celsius. Nyanja Kara n'kofunika kwambiri m'derali chifukwa ambiri amagwa mu mtsinje wa East Siberia mu izo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi ob ndi Yenisei.

mbali nyengo

Weather m'gawo lililonse limadalira malo m'mayiko ambiri. Nyengo ya kum'mawa Siberia, kutali Atlantic Ocean angatchedwe chokhala. Izi zikutanthauza Amowabu nyengo kutentha mosiyanasiyana, mitambo ang'ono ndi mpweya wolemera kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira nyengo anatsimikiza ndi anticyclone Asian. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa tsiku kusinthasintha amphamvu kutentha angagwe. Anapanga chisanu, kutentha akhoza kugwa opanda makumi anayi, ndi matendawa, - monga otsika ngati opanda sikisite. Pankhaniyi kubwera kwa misa ofunda achuluke kutentha kwa tsiku ziro. Chilimwe zowononga kubwera kuchokera kumadzulo ndi kupereka chidwi kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Nambala pachaka iwo ranges ku millimeters zana ndi makumi atatu kwa chikwi.

Zikhalidwe chofewetsetsa osiyana chapakati Siberia Plateau. Dera la Yakutia amakhala ndi aridity, monga Baikal malo pafupi ndi zinthu nyanja, chifukwa chachikulu wa nyanza. Osachepera m'chigawo cha mpweya kugwa mu February ndi March. Nyengo ya kum'mawa Siberia amalenga nkhalango za m'derali kuti kubisa mbali yaikulu ya gawo, komanso sitepe - iwo ali ngakhale madigirii sikisite kumpoto kumpoto. Nyengo nkhanza malo operekedwa Siberia yolakwika malo mu mbiri - ngakhale kuti zachilengedwe a m'dera chidwi koposa, wofuka kwambiri ndi ozizira nthawi zonse anapanga dziko lapansi kukhala malo a ukapolo. Mpaka lero, malo ambiri kukhala bwinja ndi munthu, kupulumutsa chikhalidwe pristine ndendende chifukwa cha zinthu woopsa nyengo.

Biota

zachilengedwe kum'mawa Siberia ndi lalikulu zosiyanasiyana. Ndi apa kuti ndi mtengo waukulu kupanga. mitengo m'maderawa awa akuimira mitundu monga paini, mkungudza, Oil, spruce ndi larch. Komanso, kum'mawa kwa Siberia ali kunyumba kwa nyama zosiyanasiyana. Imodzi mwa mitundu chofunika kwambiri ndi mapuloteni. Mu mapiri a m'dera anthu marmots, Kamchatka ndi wakuda chili pamwamba. M'nkhalango mukhoza kukumana Asian nkhuni mbewa, voles Siberia. Nyama Red Book ndi m'dera Tuvan Beaver. Pa magombe a Yenisei kukumana Asian agologolo kuleza tailed pansi. M'madera boreal nyama ambiri osowa ndi zachilendo kuti anali lemming, moyo kumeneko monga voles ndi mitundu ina. Mileme anapereka chikopa jekete ndi mleme Daubenton a.

mitundu tizilombo uko pang'ono. nyama zazing'onozing'ono anapereka shrews ndi hedgehogs Dahurian. Mu East Siberia nayonso moyo zimbalangondo bulauni, mphalapala ndi amphaka, nkhandwe, yoongoka ndi ferrets. Common gwape ndi sable, ndi m'madera ena pali roe nswala, zouluka agologolo, kalulu ndi makoswe. Osiyana kuti yodziwika zinthu zachilengedwe kum'mawa Siberia, amapereka udindo wake wotchuka monga limodzi mwa madera zopangira.