Mbiri ya injini nthunzi ndi tanthauzo lake

Kutulukira injini nthunzi kunasintha mu mbiri ya anthu. Penapake kumapeto kwa zaka XVII-XVIII anayamba kuchotsa inefficient zamanja, mateyala madzi ndi makina oyendera mphepo pa zatsopano ndi wapadera njira - injini nthunzi. Ndi chifukwa iwo anakhala zotheka luso ndi mafakitale zisinthe, ndi patsogolo wonse wa anthu.

Koma amene anapanga injini nthunzi? Anthu kuti ayenera? Ndipo pamene anali kuti? mafunso onsewa ndipo timayesetsa kupeza mayankho.

Pamaso yathu ino

Mbiri ya injini nthunzi kunayamba zana loyamba BC. Geron Aleksandriysky anafotokoza njira imene inayamba kugwira ntchito kokha pamene anakhudzidwa mabanja. chipangizo ndi zibaluni, amene atathana nozzle. Kuyambira nozzles tangentially kunja nthunzi, potero kupangitsa galimoto kuti atembenuza. Zinali chipangizo choyamba kuti amayendera nthunzi.

Mlengi wa injini nthunzi (kapena kani, chopangira mphamvu a) - Taqi al-Din (Arab nzeru zapamwamba, zomangamanga ndi zakuthambo). Kutulukira wake ankagwira ku Iguputo m'zaka za m'ma XVI. limagwirira wakhala anakonza motere: otaya nthunzi imatsogoleredwa mwachindunji limagwirira ndi vanes, ndipo pamene utsi billowed - masamba atembenuza. Chimodzimodzi 1629 ndipo anapereka injiniya Italy Dzhovanni Branka. The sangathe chachikulu kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri awa anali kwambiri kumwa nthunzi, womwe tinafunika yaikulu mphamvu ndipo sikunali koyenera. Njira akhala inaimitsidwa popeza ndiye sayansi ndi luso chidziwitso cha anthu sikunali kokwanira. Komanso, kufunika zoyambitsidwa ngati palibe kwathunthu.

kamangidwe

chilengedwe cha injini nthunzi sikunali kotheka mpaka m'zaka XVII. Koma mwamsanga pamene Mzere mlingo wa chitukuko anthu anavula, ndiye kunali nthawi yoyamba ndipo chidali chifuniro. Ngakhale kuti iwo anali nazo pa nthawi imeneyo sindinadziwe kutenga. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1663 Chingelezi wasayansi lofalitsidwa womkanikizawo kupanga chidali chifuniro chake, chimene mu chinyumba Raglan. chipangizo ntchito kulera nsanja madzi pa makoma. Komabe, ngati ndi zonse zatsopano ndi losadziwika, polojekitiyi analandiridwa ndi kukaikira ndi othandizira pa chitukuko china ayi.

Mbiri ya injini nthunzi akuyamba ndi makina Kutulukira paroatmosfernoy. Mu 1681, wasayansi ku French Denis Papin anatulukira chipangizo kuti mapampu madzi m'migodi ndi. Monga chikuchititsa zonsezi kwa nthawi yoyamba ntchito ufa, ndiyeno m'malo ndi nthunzi. Kotero apo paroatmosfernaya makina. A chopereka zikuluzikulu bwino zimene asayansi ku England Tomás Nyukomen ndi Thomas Savery. thandizo lamtengo wapatali nayenso kudziona anaphunzitsa Russian zatsopano Ivan Polzunov.

A pofuna analephera Papen

Paroatmosfernaya makina, pamene opanda ungwiro, ali chidwi makamaka m'munda wa shipbuilding. D. Papin ndalama zawo ntchito pa kugula bwato laling'ono, zomwe zikugwira unsembe wa makina madzi kukweza paroatmosfernoy kupanga yekha. Limagwirira kanthu kugona chakuti, kugwa kuchokera kumwamba, ndi madzi akuyamba sapota gudumu.

inventor mayesero ake amachitika 1707 pa Fulda Mtsinje. Anthu ambiri anasonkhana kuti aone chozizwitsa: Tengani mtsinje bwato popanda matanga ndi nkhafi. Komabe, pa mayeso munali ngozi: injini chakumene ndi kupha anthu angapo. Akuluakulu atakwiya pa zatsopano Kalanga ndiponso kuletsedwa iye kuchokera ku ntchito iliyonse ndi ntchito. chombo inalandidwa ndi kuwonongedwa, ndipo Papen anamwalira zaka zingapo zitatha.

zolakwa

The Sitima Papen anali mfundo yotsatira. Pansi pa yamphamvu ya kunali kofunika kutsanulira pang'ono madzi. Palokha ili roaster yamphamvu amene anali ndi kutenthetsa madzi. Pamene madzi anayamba wiritsani, nthunzi ya aumbike, anakafika, anakweza pisitoni. Ku malo pamwamba pisitoni mwa mwapadera okonzeka vavu buoyancy. Pambuyo madzi anayamba wiritsani ndi mpweya anagwa, kunali koyenera kuchotsa brazier, kutseka vavu kuchotsa mpweya, ndi mwa madzi ozizira kwa kuziziritsa khoma yamphamvu. Kudzera awiriawiri kuchita zimenezo, amene anali yamphamvu ndi, Zachepetsedwa, inakhalapo pansi pa pisitoni zingalowe ndi kuthamanga mumlengalenga chifukwa mphamvu ya pisitoni amabwerera malo m'chimake. Pa gulu ake kunsi ndi kuchita ntchito zothandiza. Komabe, injini nthunzi Mwachangu Papin anali negative. injini Sitimayo uneconomical kwambiri. Ndipo Chofunika, zinali zovuta kwambiri ndi kovuta ntchito. Choncho, chidali chifuniro Papen kunalibe tsogolo kuyambira pa chiyambi.

otsatira

Komabe, mbiri ya injini nthunzi sinathe kumeneko. Kenako, tili ndi zambiri bwino kuposa Papen, anasandutsa English wasayansi Tomás Nyukomen. Iye yaitali kuphunzira ntchito za akapolo anzawo akale, moganizira zofooka. Ndipo anatenga bwino ntchito zawo, olengedwa mwa 1712 ndodo yake. The watsopano nthunzi injini (chithunzi wasonyeza) inamangidwa motere: ntchito yamphamvu ndi udindo choimirira, ndi pisitoni. Iwo Newcomen anatenga ntchito Papen. Komabe, awiriawiri kupangidwa mu mphika osiyana. Padziko pisitoni anali atathana khungu integral, amene kwambiri kuchuluka zikayamba mkati yamphamvu ya nthunzi. makina alinso paroatmosfernoy (madzi anakweza wanga kudzera mwa mavuto mumlengalenga). The sangathe waukulu anatulukira akhala wolemera ake ndi uneconomical: makina "anadya" kuchuluka yaikulu malasha. Komabe, ubwino anabweretsa kwambiri kuposa Papin Kutulukira. Choncho, ntchito pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu m'mapanga ndi migodi. Ankaperekerako ikukoka pansi, komanso galimoto kuyanika. Tomás Nyukomen anayesa kutembenuza galimoto yake kuti athe ntchito magalimoto. Komabe, zoyesayesa ake onse analephera.

Wasayansi lotsatira, analengeza ndinayamba D. Hull ku England. Mu 1736 iye anayambitsa dziko chidali chifuniro chake: paroatmosfernuyu makina, zomwe ngati injini anali impellers. chitukuko wakhala bwino kuposa Papen. Pomwepo angapo zotengera zinalembedwa. Iwo makamaka ntchito kulowetsa mabwato, sitima ndi ziwiya zina. Komabe, kudalirika kwa makina paroatmosfernoy alibe kudziwa ndi zombo okonzeka matanga ngati dalaivala chachikulu.

Ngakhale Hull anali mwayi kuposa Papen, anthu anapanga pang'onopang'ono anataya zoyenerera, ndipo anakana. Komabe ndi makina paroatmosfernyh kuti nthawi panali zolakwa zambiri yeniyeni.

Mbiri ya injini nthunzi mu Russia

The yojambula lotsatira anabwera Russian Ufumu. Mu 1766, pa zitsulo zomera Barnaul woyamba nthunzi injini, omwe umaperekedwa kwa mpweya limatsogolera ng'anjo analengedwa ntchito bellows wapadera. Anakhala mlengi Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, amene ntchito kwa dziko yace anapatsa udindo wa kapitawo. Zatsopano anapereka mabwana ake zojambula ndi mapulani "moto galimoto" angathe powering bellows.

Komabe, tsoka ankaimba nthabwala wankhanza ndi Polzunova: zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo asilikali ake Analeredwa ndi galimotoyo anasonkhana, iye anadwala n'kumwalira wa mowa - patangotsala sabata imodzi chiyesedwe anayamba injini zake. Komabe, chikalata ake zinali zokwanira kuyamba injini.

Choncho, August 7, 1766 Polzunova injini nthunzi unayambitsidwa ndi kuikidwa pansi pa katundu. Komabe, mu November chaka chomwecho, iye inawonongeka. Chifukwa kukatentha kuti kwambiri woonda makoma, sananenedwe kwa katundu. Komanso, anayambitsa analemba malangizo ake, kuti ichi ndi pa mayeso angagwiritsidwe ntchito mphika. Yopanga wa kukatentha latsopano akanati mosavuta kwakhululukidwa, chifukwa injini nthunzi Polzunova Mwachangu anali positive. Pa 1023 maola ntchito mothandizidwa ndi siliva smelted kuposa mapaundi 14!

Koma ngakhale izi, palibe kukonza limagwirira sanachite. Nthunzi injini Polzunova kusonkhanitsa fumbi kwa zaka zoposa 15 mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu, pamene makampani dziko si chilili ndi olemera. Ndiyeno kwathunthu anawachotsa magawo. Zikuoneka kuti pa nthawi imeneyo Russia sanabadwe wamkulu kwa injini nthunzi.

amafuna nthawi

Nthawiyi, moyo pa malopo sanakhazikike. Ndipo anthu nthawi zonse kuganizira za kulenga limagwirira kuti sikukutanthauza chikhalidwe capricious, n'kuyamba kulamulira tsoka. Kuyambira matanga ndi onse mukufuna kusiya posachedwapa. Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa limagwirira mpaka kalekale kwa nthunzi ya zii. Mu 1753 ku Paris, iye analimbikitsa mpikisano pakati ojambula zithunzi, asayansi ndi woyamba. Academy of Sciences analengeza mphoto kwa aliyense amene angathe kulenga limagwirira kuti akhoza m'malo mphamvu ya mphepo. Koma ngakhale kuti nawo mpikisano maganizo monga L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de A Lacroix ndi ntchito zina zanzeru osati chikalata chimodzi.

Zaka zapita. Ndipo mafakitale anali atagona mayiko kwambiri. Ulamuliro ndi utsogoleri mwa mphamvu zina mosasintha wapabanja England. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, anakhala mlengi wa UK makampani zikuluzikulu, motero anapambana mutu wa monopolist dziko ntchito imeneyi. Nkhani ya mphamvu lotengeka tsiku lililonse limakhala ndi zofunika kwambiri. Ndipo injini chinalengedwa.

The injini nthunzi yoyamba padziko lonse

1784 chinali cha Britain ndi dziko munasintha mu mafakitale. Ndipo munthu udindo uwu unali English injiniya Dzheyms Uatt. The injini nthunzi, amene anakhazikitsa, anakhala kwambiri ncthito Kupezeka kwa m'ma.

Dzheyms Uatt kwa zaka zingapo kuphunzira zojambula, dongosolo ndi mfundo ntchito makina paroatmosfernyh. Ndipo pa maziko a izi, anapeza kuti dzuwa la injini n'kofunika mwakufuna kutentha kwa madzi mu yamphamvu ndi nthunzi, amene alowa limagwirira lapansi. The sangathe waukulu paroatmosfernyh makina ndi kufunika zonse kwa yozizira madzi a yamphamvu ya. Zinali omangika ndi consumables.

Latsopano injini nthunzi inamangidwa ayi. Choncho, yamphamvu chinali malaya wapadera nthunzi. Choncho Watt wotetezedwa okhazikika boma otentha wake. The zatsopano walenga chotengera wapadera, choviikidwa mu madzi ozizira (condenser). Iwo anagwirizana yamphamvu chubu. Pamene nthunzi lichitidwa kutsatira pa yamphamvu kudzera chitoliro, nagwa mu capacitor kumeneko atatembenuzidwa ku madzi. Ntchito pa kusintha kwa galimoto lake, Watt analenga zingalowe m'malo mwa condenser lapansi. Choncho, nthunzi onse, amapatsirana yamphamvu ndi, Zachepetsedwa m'menemo. Chifukwa cha kachitsulo ichi kumawonjezera kwambiri kukula kwa nthunzi, womwe amalola kuti wachotsa yofanana nthunzi zambiri mphamvu. Zinali bwino korona.

Yopangidwa ndi injini nthunzi zinasintha ndi mpweya okwanira mfundo. Tsopano nthunzi woyamba akulowa pansipa pisitoni, potero kukweza izo, ndiyeno kupita pamwamba pisitoni ndi kutsitsa. Choncho onse anakhomedwa pa limagwirira ntchito zitsulo kuti ngakhale kale zotheka. A mmodzi ndiyamphamvu mowa malasha anali kanayi zosakwana, motero, mu makina paroatmosfernyh, ndipo anafunafuna Dzheyms Uatt. Nthunzi injini mwamsanga anapambana woyamba UK bwino, kenako dziko lonse.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Pambuyo dziko unawonongedwa ndi atayamba James Watt, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri injini nthunzi. Choncho, mu 1802 mu UK ali chombo chake choyamba angapo - ". Charlotte Dundas" bwato ndiAmene ake akhulupirire William Symington. The ngalawa ntchito monga towing wa mabwato ndi njira. Ntchito ya tinakwera ngalawa unachita nkhafi ndikupita gudumu wokwera pa kutsogolo. Ngalawa ndi nthawi yoyamba bwinobwino anayesedwa: mabwato awiri akuluakulu towed 18 miles maola asanu. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwamphamvu zinasokoneza headwind lapansi. Koma anakwanitsa.

Komabe, anaikidwa pa nthabwala, chifukwa adawopa kuti chifukwa cha mafunde amphamvu, amene analengedwa mu nkhafi ndikupita gudumu, magombe ngalande adzakhala anangotengeka. Mwa njira, "Charlotte," anthu kumuyesa anapezekapo, umene dziko lonse imatengedwa mlengi wa sitima yoyamba.

Sitima yoyamba mu dziko

English Wokhoma zombo Robert Fulton ndi unyamata wake, kudzakhala m'chombo ndi injini ndi nthunzi. Ndipo tsopano loto lake wakhala zotheka. Pambuyo Kutulukira injini nthunzi wakhala kutsogolera zatsopano shipbuilding lapansi. Pamodzi ndi Mtumiki wa America R. Livingston, amene analamulira mbali ndalama za nkhani Fulton ananyamula kusodza m'chombo ndi injini ndi nthunzi. Linali Kutulukira kobvuta zachokera lingaliro la nkhafi zosagwiritsa. Malinga ndi mbali sitimayo anakopeka zingapo za paddles, simulating zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa. Pankhaniyi, paddles kenako kusokoneza mzake ndi linathyoka. Lero, mmodzi mosavuta kuti zotsatira akhoza zimatheka ngati onse paddles atatu kapena anayi. Koma pa kaonedwe ka sayansi pa nthawi kunali kosatheka kuona. Choncho, shipbuilders anali ndi zambiri zovuta.

Mu 1803, anthu anapanga Fulton a waperekedwa pa dziko lonse lapansi. The Sitima anali pang'onopang'ono wogawana pa khoka, maganizo chodabwitsa ndi kuganiza asayansi ambiri ndi mafanizo Paris. Komabe, boma Napoleon anakana ntchitoyi, ndi shipbuilders okwiya anakakamizika kufunafuna chuma chake mu America.

Ndipo mu August 1807 sitima yoyamba dziko wotchedwa "Claremont" imene amphamvu kwambiri injini nthunzi anali nawo (chithunzi wasonyeza), anapita Hudson Bay. anthu ambiri amangowerenga sindimakhulupirira mu bwino.

Mu ndege yoyamba, 'Claremont "anapita popanda katundu ndipo palibe anthu. Palibe anafuna kuti apite pa ulendo pa bolodi chombo moto kupuma. Koma pamene ndimabwerera, panali galimotolo choyamba - mlimi wa m'deralo, amene analipira madola sikisi kuti tikiti. Iye anakhala woyamba mu mbiri ya kampani zonyamula kutumiza. Fulton anali kwambiri moti daredevil anapereka moyo wonse ufulu kuyenda pa zoyambitsa zawo zonse.