Mtundu wa rationality sayansi: tanthauzo. Kukwera sayansi

mtundu uliwonse wa rationality sayansi kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo a dongosolo la malamulo, mfundo zenizeni ndi anthu makamaka ndi amaonedwa chokwanira. Malamulo amenewa ndi ofunika kuti tikwaniritse zolinga ndi zogwirizana pa maganizo a anthu. Chidwi kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa iwo nzeru, amene akulankhula za Agiriki, nonclassical ndipo pambuyo nonclassical mitundu, omwe amakhala ndi osiyana maganizo ake a dziko.

Chiphunzitso ambiri

Mfundo zimenezi chakale sayansi rationality, nonclassical, pambuyo nonclassical, zimathandiza kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa dziko la sayansi lero icho chiri. Ndipotu, ndi kusinkhasinkha. kupenda mosamala amapereka zinthu zofunika zokwanira pa chitukuko tamvetsa dziko.

Kudzipenda nthanthi mfundo zimene zili maziko a chiphunzitso apanga sayansi tawerenga, anzeru, ndi methodological ndi nzeru zaumunthu m'munsi. Chinyezimiro mu zikhalidwe tsiku lino la Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe amapewanso panafunika mfundo kuti ndi khalidwe la mumaganiza chitukuko mu zaka khumi zapitazi, pamene chikhalidwe lalikulu wakhala postmodern.

chidziwitso zomveka

Ndi kwambiri khalidwe la nthawi 17-19 zaka pamene nzeru, njira anagonjera mtundu chakale cha rationality sayansi. Nthawi imeneyi, lingaliro lalikulu linali m'mbali kuti malingaliro amatha kudziŵa zinthu, anati madera ozungulira ndipo mwa kungophunzira amalandira mauthenga a kuwunika. Knowledge anthu zokuthandizani kupanga maganizo cholinga za dziko limene tikukhala. Komanso, asayansi anafotokoza zochitika akuoneni mu mawonekedwe amene alipo. Potengera maganizo a chidziwitso zomveka anayamba chiphunzitso chake cha Mnazareti Dekart, amene amaonedwa tate wa malingaliro amakono za malo ozungulira.

Chakale rationality inakhala maziko a chitukuko cha njira sayansi. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa zinachitikira mauthenga komanso maziko ongolankhula. chiphunzitso ndi generalization anachokera ku magwero osiyanasiyana nawo ntchitoyo.

Mfundo ndi njira

Mu mtundu chakale a sayansi rationality sayansi anayamba pa maziko a axiom: zoona - woona yekha maziko chiphunzitsochi. Vutoli njira ambiri anafuna kugonjetsera kutchinjiriza, pamene kukula kwa mfundo paokhapaokha kwa mnzake.

kusiyana substantive kunathandiza kwambiri pa maphunziro awo, kuchepetsa munda zochita. Mphamvu anali anagwira maganizo. Njira, njira, komanso njira luso lililonse la nkhani inayake, mu chimango cha ngati njira si ntchito kwa ena. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, anapambana mzake, mitundu ya rationality sayansi ndi kusintha sayansi. Masiku ano, gulu la sayansi chikwiyire mapangidwe ponyamukira limodzi kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zosiyana.

Chakale rationality: ndi zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri

Monga maziko njira imeneyi ndi akutali kvantitatizm kuti kufufuza za chodabwitsa chilichonse ndi kumaphatikizapo kuyeza mawu ake lapadera. Mnazareti Dekart anati: "The Movement ndi kutalika njira yokwanira kulenga chilengedwe chonse."

kusiyana ndithu noticeable njira sayansi, anati mu Ages Middle ndi kumutsatira nthawi. The sayansi ya masiku ano salinso anathandiza organisticheskoe view a dziko, pamene anthu ndinaganiza, ngati dziko - ndi thupi. Ngati kale zinkaoneka kuti zonse alipo palokha, khama ofufuza Anasintha ingapezeke rationality sayansi ndi kumvetsa dziko mechanistic. Chikoka champhamvu pa izo zinkayenera (popanda Descartes), Spinoza ndi Leibniz.

Pa nthawi imeneyo dziko ankaoneka kuti anthu ofanana limagwirira, ndicho, dziko lonse lapansi ndi mtundu wa wotchi yovuta kwambiri. Iwo anatsatira anthu a, chikhalidwe tingasonyeze lokha ngati bungwe zimenezo. munthu, kenako, ayenera kuona chilengedwe, zopanga malamulo danga. Choncho mu malo oyamba mu sayansi anabwera zotsatira zimatheka ndi kuyesera kuti analola dzina mchitidwe sayansi olaula. Mtundu wa rationality sayansi ndi kusintha sayansi kugwirizana ndi pochimanga, ambiri momveka bwino amasonyezedwa zopanda wa Bacon: "Kudziwika ndi mphamvu."

Science: tilibe chilili

Mtundu wa rationality sayansi, kuchotsa chakale ankatchedwa nonclassical. Kusintha amayamba ndi zifukwa zambiri. Angasinthe maganizo a uzimu, ikusintha chikhalidwe European, kumvetsa kuzungulira dziko mavutowo. Izi ndi zina mwa nthawi kuchokera theka lachiwiri la zana la 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za lotsatira. Chakale rationalism sanali okwanira kuti zokhumba anthu kudziwa.

A tanthauzo latsopano sanabwere yomweyo, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono izo likulowerera ku mitundu yonse. Ngati mitundu ina m'mbiri ya rationality sayansi, nonclassical anali mankhwala nthawi yake. Anthu kutsitsimuka, akuyesa mfundo zambiri za dziko, kunapezeka kuti mapeto akufa: zinaonekeratu kuti zinthu chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa n'loonadi ndi kuthekera cognition ake. Anakhala maziko a chitukuko cha kwadzidzidzi-relativistic zisinthe. Mayina kwambiri mtundu nonclassical wa rationality sayansi: Heisenberg, Bohr, Einstein.

Woyamba awiri ankachita mu zimango kwadzidzidzi, ndipo wachitatu anali mlembi ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity. Pamene sayansi kwapita kuti kwadzidzidzi ndi chiphunzitso relativistic, liwiro yochitira phunziro la, kuchuluka. Asayansi kudzera pulayimale particles. Choncho tinayamba kupeza njira kuganiza.

NKHANI chiphunzitso

Nonclassical mtundu wa rationality sayansi isiyana ndi malongosoledwe chakale wa chinthu. Ngati pamaso ankaona palokha, njira yatsopano ayenera kukonza zinthu zimene chodabwitsa ndi zimawonedwa ndi kudziwa msinkhu wawo mogwirizana ndi asayansi chidwi sakusangalala.

The chifukwa njira imeneyi anali wonena za particles pulayimale. Kunapezeka kuti chinthu tingathe kumachita mosiyana ndi kulankhulana unkachitika ndi masankhidwe a zida zakuthambo. Chitsanzo chabwino - ndi elekitironi, amene posonyeza wokha ngati mafunde kapena ngati Nyerere yaing'ono. Zinali kudziwa kuti chinthu ali ndi katundu achilendo kwa iye, komanso kuwonekera kokha pamene pamodzi ndi mutu wina.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, chidziwitso cha mutu wa sayansi zinasintha. Ngati kale izo ankakhulupirira kuti ankaoneka kuti okha ku dziko kunja ndipo ili pa mtunda kwa izo, njira yatsopano walola kuzindikira nkhani monga mbali ya dziko, ndi mu dongosolo lake. Choncho, chikhalidwe si monga kuyankha mafunso kukonza ndi munthu chipangizo chanu, zimadalira kwenikweni mmene funso lakuti. Zimenezi, anatsimikiza ndi chidziwitso. Choncho, njira sanali chakale cha chidziwitso walola zopanga mfundo zatsopano za chiphunzitso, Ndipotu choonadi. Izo unasiya kukhala zogwirizana mpaka ontologism mwachindunji pamene zinthu ndi zenizeni ndi bwino kulankhulana mwachindunji.

chitukuko akupitiriza

Lero sayansi ikupita patsogolo ndi leaps ndi malire. Kukwera Scientific, kupanga nzeru, kusintha luso ndi sayansi, nzeru zatsopano Anautsa kusintha kwa watsopano. Tsopano wakhala mwamsanga pambuyo nonclassical mtundu wa rationality sayansi. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti - wachinayi lonse kusintha sayansi. Komabe, ena amanena kuti mtundu watsopano wa rationality akadali wangobadwa, ndipo nsonga za chitukuko wake patsogolo.

sayansi anasintha zaposachedwapa ndi kwambiri, izo chikwiyire, kuphatikizapo ndi zinthu zokhudza chitukuko. Kumatanthauza kulandira, chidziwitso sitolo mwachangu anayamba, umene ntchito sayansi ndi ndithu anasintha. Chidwi kwambiri asayansi masiku ano amakopeka ndi kuphunzira, yokhudza khalidwe angapo, komanso akulankhula chindunji apakhungu. Pamene chakale sayansi pa chidwi anali mpukutu, anawona mobisika ndi sayansi. Koma masiku awa kwambiri mwachangu osauka mapulogalamu kuthetsa mavuto zovuta ndi minda angapo a chidziwitso. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti akatswiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito gulu. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa chithunzi chenicheni, popangidwa ndi asayansi amagwirizana ndi mzake, amene pamodzi amapereka kokwanira kwambiri ndi zolondola chithunzi cha dziko. Maganizo kusuntha kwa sayansi ndi sayansi, malire ndi achotsa, okhwima magawano mizu m'mbuyomu. Wokongola mphamvu chagwiritsidwa kafukufuku.

Kodi ichi chimagwira ntchito

Akatswiri ochokera amalanga osiyana gulu limodzi lankhondo kufufuza zosiyanasiyana zochitika. Childs, monga Co-opareshoni ali pamodzi kuti tione luso paokha kukhala kachitidwe lotseguka. Izo zinachitika kuti kusinthika dongosolo - ndi kovuta kuti maphunziro a sayansi chinthu. Izo zinachitika kuti kusinthika dongosolo - ndi kovuta kuti maphunziro a sayansi chinthu.

Evolution - ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo wina ndi mzake kudziletsa chilangizo. mbali chosiyana - zinthu mwa malamulo bungwe, kudzikonda lamulo. Mlingo watsopano aumbike mwa kudutsa kwa bifurcation mfundo, ndiko kuti, pa nthawi imene dongosolo amakhala osakhazikika. Ngakhale amadza mwangozi amakwiya mapangidwe dongosolo latsopano. Zimenezi amayamba kukula njira, koma mphamvu kanthu Bwezani kuti zikhale maziko. Nthawi zina, mphamvu imeneyi salola kuti chilichonse chatsopano.

Location: m'manja mwa kusintha

Kukhala zinthu ankalamulira, m'pofunika zotsatira pa ndimeyi mfundo bifurcation. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena mu Zikatero, "jakisoni mphamvu". Zimenezi zimathandiza kuyamba kukonzanso kwa dongosolo, ikulimba kapangidwe ka mlingo zina.

Systems kuti angathe lokha, kawirikawiri kusonyeza synergy bwino. Kunachitika iwo ali sizingasinthe njira. Pankhaniyi, mmene anthu - uyu si kunja chikoka, ndipo ndi chigawo chimodzi cha kachitidwe. Munthu kumakhudza izo, kusintha kwa zinthu kumunda. Pamene iye watenga mbali mu chitukuko cha dongosolo, si monga kucheza ndi zinthu payekha, koma amakhudza mzere chirengedwe. Kusankha alibe njira kumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri, n'zosatheka kuneneratu zotsatirapo zonse za zochita.

History ndi Science

Ine ndiyenera kunena, kwa masikolala, makamaka pochita zinthu ndi sayansi ya zachilengedwe, sanali zoonekeratu ubwenzi mbiri ikusintha kachitidwe. Poyamba anavomera, akatswiri asayansi ndi anthu amene tikugwira amalanga okhudzana ndi dziko. Iwo uli pano anali woyamba kupangidwa chithunzi chenicheni chimene ganizo lalikulu la kusinthika anatenga chinthu. Si kale sayansi izi anagwirizana sayansi.

Mbiri kuphunzira chitukuko sayansi zinthu mbali ya chifaniziro cha chowonadi mwa ankaganizira. Iye anachita ntchito ya chiphunzitso Big Bang, ndi zinthu zina kugwirizana ndi maganizo kupanga Metagalaxy. Komanso, mphamvu za sayansi amakono inaperekedwa ntchito za Prigogine zoyenera nonequilibrium njira thermodynamic, komanso chiphunzitso synergy. Maganizo amenewa saloledwa kulenga view kwathunthu a dziko, kutenga nkhani mbiri ya chitukuko. Pakati pa ulaliki sayansi lero maganizo a evolutionism lonse. Iwo anali chinsinsi mtundu pambuyo nonclassical wa rationality sayansi.

choncho Special

Amafuna wapadera zimenezi mbiri osauka kachitidwe kuti n'zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko. A iwo mu malo oyamba - maofesi, monga anthu. Asayansi kuwatcha "munthu gawo". Chitsanzo zitsanzo - zachilengedwe, zachipatala, kwachilengedwenso zinthu, kuphatikizapo biosphere, kuti kuphunzira chilengedwe padziko lonse. Iwo monga umisiri, kukonza majini, ndi kachitidwe kuti azikhala makina ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo AI (yokumba nzeru) Ndipo kachitidwe.

Kuphunzira kachitidwe limachititsa kukhala makhalidwe a anthu, chifukwa njira ina pali mogwirizana kwa sayansi woyera ndi maganizo a umunthu. Zofooka chifukwa cha mbali ya chitukuko, kuthetsa ufulu zatsopano. zingapo ankachita - yoletsedwa, ndipo izi afunika kudziwa asayansi onse amene asankha malangizo kanthu. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti ena zochita kungakhale sizimadziwika mu zotsatira zake zoopsa.

Ponena za zinthu munthu gawo, asayansi ali kuganizira mfundo chilengedwe ndi zinthu, ndi kuyambira preconditions awa liyenera kulongosola zochitika anaona. Akatswiri nthawi zonse mavuto abwino. Si nthawi zonse malire zoonekeratu chovomerezeka kusokonezedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, aliyense sayansi ali ndi makhalidwe abwino mkati kumene kumapangitsa kuyang'ana workarounds kukwaniritsa cholinga ankafuna. Kufunafuna zatsopano muyenera zodzikongoletsera pamodzi ndi mfundo za umunthu ndi makhalidwe konsekonse. Knowledge amakhala amafotokozera mu moyo wa chitukuko ndi ithandiza kumvetsetsa malamulo, zolinga, khalidwe la anthu pa siteji panopa chitukuko.

Polongosola mwachidule

Kuyankhula za mitundu ya rationality sayansi, m'magulu atatu: chakale, nonclassical ndipo pambuyo nonclassical. Panopa tikukhala mtundu wachitatu, yomwe ndi ofala - kuphunzira dzikoli, kutenga nkhani ubwenzi. Koma pa nthawi imene sayansi unakhazikitsidwa, ndipo mpaka m'ma 19, chogwidwa ndi tingachipeze powerenga za. Iye m'malo mwa sanali Agiriki, anakonza pa maziko a maganizo a Einstein, Bohr ndi Heisenberg.