History igil: tsiku la maziko, mtundu wa boma

Islamist zigawenga gulu LIH akatswiri ambiri ankaona kuopseza waukulu dziko lero. Bungweli anatuluka ngati selo osiyana "al-Qaeda", koma anakhala mphamvu kwathunthu palokha. Tsopano ndi yaikulu gulu la zigaŵenga mu dziko. History igil ukhala mutu wa phunziro lathu.

Mbiri LIH

Choyamba, tiyeni tipeze chimene chinayambitsa zikamera wa LIH, kodi maziko a mapangidwe ake. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tiyenera kuyang'ana mu zaka 90 Mu zaka zapitazo.

Pa gulu mizu, kenako kusandulika mu LIH, anali Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Anabadwa mu 1966, ku ubwana wake, iye anamenyana ndi asilikali Soviet ku Afghanistan. Nditabwerera ku Jordan kuchita zinthu motsutsana ndi ulamuliro alipo mu dziko, kuyambira 1992, kakusintha zaka zisanu m'ndende.

Mu 1999, nthawi yomweyo atamasulidwa, al-Zakravi anakhazikitsa bungwe Islamist Salafi mapiko, amene anatenga dzina "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad". Cholinga choyambirira cha gulu ili anali kulanda banja lachifumu ku Yordano, limene, mogwirizana ndi al-Zakravi Imachitika malamulo odana ndi Chisilamu. Kuti bungwe limeneli anali maziko ndi kupanga "boma" LIH m'tsogolo.

Pambuyo chiyambi cha ntchito American ku Iraq mu 2001, akuluakulu a bungwe "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad" anapezerapo ntchito yake pa gawo la dziko. Akukhulupirira kuti al-Zarqawi wakhala pa nthawi ino imodzi ya bungwe ndi magulu ena akuluakulu "Ansar al-Islam." Iye anachita makamaka aku Iraq Kurdistan ndi zigawo Sunni la Iraq. Amaona mtsogoleri ofunda Faraj Ahmad Nazhmuddinov ili ndende Norway ndi ntchito bwana pali "Ansar Al-Islam." Kuyambira m'chaka cha 2003 mpaka 2008 gulu anatenga dzina "Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna", koma kenako anabwerera ku dzina lake zapitazi. Pambuyo phukusi la anagwirizana mphamvu mu Iraq mu 2003, ambiri mwa asilikali ake chibatizidwireni bungwe "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad". Panopa, "Ansar al-Islam" ndi limodzi a m'mayikowo waukulu igil.

The mgwirizano ndi "Al-Qaeda"

Izo zinali utatha Kulandidwa kwa mtsogoleri aku Iraq Saddam Hussein mu 2003, bungwe "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad" molimba zitakhazikika m'dzikoli. Iye anawagwira mndandanda wa uchigawenga ncthito, kuwasindikiza Chip zitsulo ndi anaphera anthu ndi kuwadula. Kenako mwambo uwu wamagazi, zomwenso zinali zolinga za mwamantha, anatengera wolowa nyumba wa bungwe "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad" - grouping wa LIH. "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad" wakhala chachikulu chotsutsa-boma mphamvu Iraq, amene cholinga anali kulanda boma Transitional, chiwonongeko cha mbali Shiite, ndi mapangidwe a boma ndi Chisilamu.

Mu 2004, al-Zarqawi anapereka lumbiro la kukhulupirika kwa mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse pa nthawi ya Chisilamu monyanyira bungwe "Al Qaeda" Osama bin othodwa. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, gulu "Mulungu mmodzi ndi jehad" anatchedwa kuti "al-Qaeda ku Iraq." History igil kuyambira nthawi imeneyo wapanga wozungulira latsopano.

Kunadetsa gulu kutsogoleredwa ndi al-Zarqawi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zigawenga kuti asilikali US, ndi Iraqis - makamaka Shiites. Unachititsa kuchepa kutchuka kwa "al-Qaeda ku Iraq" mwa anthu akuderalo. Kubwerera ku mavoti ndi kulimbikitsa magulu a kusamvera mgwirizano mu 2006, Zarqawi anakonza "kafukufuku bungwe la Mujahideen", womwenso, kuwonjezera "Al Qaeda", wina 7 lalikulu Islamist Sunni magulu.

Koma mu June 2006, al-Zarqawi anaphedwa chifukwa cha mabomba ndi ndege American. Iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu la Abu Ayyub al-Masri.

The State Chisilamu ku Iraq

Pambuyo pothetsa Zarqawi nkhani igil kachiwiri anasintha malangizo ake. Panthawi imeneyi, pali chizolowezi kuswa ndi "Al-Qaeda".

Mu October 2006, "Shura Council wa Mujahideen," analengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Chisilamu la Iraq (Isi), ndipo kutero paokha, popanda kuyembekezera chilolezo cha "Al-Qaeda" utsogoleri. Koma panali panobe kutali timapuma ndi bungwe zigawenga.

Likulu la ichi "boma" analengeza mzinda aku Iraq wa Baquba. Choyamba chinali Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, m'mbuyomu umene ife tikudziwa kuti iye ndi nzika ya Iraq ndi mkulu wakale wa "Mujahideen Shura Council." Mu 2010, anaphedwa Tikrit pambuyo mzinga kuponya mphamvu US-aku Iraq. Mu chaka chomwecho anaphedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa "al-Qaeda ku Iraq," Abu Ayyub al-Masri, yemwe monga mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Isi.

Latsopano Isi Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu inadzakhala yokhazikika ya Iraq, Abu Bakrn al-Baghdadi, poyamba ali kundende American pa kukayikitsa monyanyira. Mtsogoleri wa "al-Qaeda ku Iraq" amakhala compatriot lake Abu Suleiman al-Naser. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaikidwa mlangizi nkhondo IGI, ndipo mu 2014 anali mtsogoleri wa bungwe asilikali a boma Chisilamu.

Education LIH

Zadzidzidzi igil ngati bungwe, monga taonera unalembedwa zambiri khumi zoyambirira za m'ma XXI, koma dzina lenileni anaonekera yekha mu April 2013th, pamene Isi anawonjezera zochita zake Syria, ndiyo maiko Levant. Choncho LIH ndi waima - Boma Chisilamu la Iraq ndi Levant. Dzina la gulu ili mu Pomasulira Arabic - Daishev. LIH pasanapite nthawi, anayamba ntchito yogwira m'gawo la Syria, wayamba kukopa omenyana koposa kwa magulu ena Islamist. Komanso, bungwe anayamba amapita zigaŵenga la EU, ndi US, Russia ndi mayiko ena.

Syria zakutidwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yolimbirana pakati pa gulu boma la Pulezidenti Assad ndi anthu ena odana ndi boma zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, LIH Siriya mosavuta athe kulamulira madera akuluakulu dziko. Makamaka opaleshoni bungwe ili mu 2013-2014. likulu ankangomusamutsira Baquba mu mzinda wa Suriya Ari Raqqah.

Pa yomweyo igil m'dera wafika kuwonjezeka pazipita ndi Iraq. Gulu kulamulira pafupifupi m'chigawo chonse cha Anbar, komanso m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya Tikrit ndi Mosul pa zipolowe zoukira boma Shiite la Iraq.

Ulendo womaliza ku "Al-Qaeda"

Poyamba, "boma" LIH ankayesetsa kuchita zinthu mgwirizano ndi magulu ena kudzikweza Syria motsutsa Assad boma, koma January 2014 analowa lotseguka nkhondo ndi waukulu mphamvu chitsutso - Free Siriya Army.

Pa nthawiyi, panali yopuma komaliza ndi igil "Al-Qaeda". utsogoleri otsiriza nufuna kuti IG wabweretsa omenyana ku Syria ndipo anabwerera ku Iraq. Only gulu "Al-Nusra Front" woimira yekha wa "Al Qaeda" mu Syria ayenera kuchita. Zinali iye amene ankaimira mwalamulo gulu lonse zigawenga dziko. LIH anakana kumvera malamulo a kasamalidwe "al-Qaeda". Chifukwa, mu February 2014, "Al-Qaeda" anati izo ziribe kanthu kochita ndi LIH choncho sangathe kuletsa gulu ndi kukhala ndi udindo pa zochita zake.

Atangochoka nkhondoyo zinachitika pakati zigaŵenga Daishev ndi "Al-Nusra Front."

Kulalikidwa kwa caliphate ndi

History igil amatenga lonse zosiyana, pambuyo kulengeza Caliphate. Izo zinachitika pa mapeto a June 2014. Choncho, gulu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito osati utsogoleri mu dera, ndipo pa ulamuliro wa dziko la chisilamu, ncholinga kukhazikitsa caliphate lonse. Atatero anadziwika monga kungoti "zimachitika Chisilamu" (IG) popanda kutchula chigawo chomwe mufuna. Abu Bakrn al-Baghdadi anatenga mutu wa Caliph.

Kulengezedwa kwa Caliphate, pa dzanja limodzi, chinathandiza ngakhale kwambiri kulimbitsa ulamuliro IG mu maso a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ambiri Muslim, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka mu otaya zigaŵenga pofuna kuti agwirizane gulu. Koma pa dzanja zina, zinapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri kulimbana ndi mabungwe ena Islamist amene samafuna kuvomereza ulamuliro wa IG.

Opaleshoni ogwirizana ndi IG

Panthawiyi, anthu padziko lonse wakhala kuzindikira bwino mupewe ngozi ya boma Chisilamu chifukwa LIH m'dera anapitiriza likunena kuonjezera.

Kuyambira m'ma 2014 United States anayamba kuthandiza mwachindunji asilikali boma la Iraq kuthana ndi IG. pang'ono Patatha kanthu mkangano, Turkey, Australia, France, Germany. Iwo zonse anachita IG zigaŵenga malo bombardment pa 2014-2015, onse Iraq ndi boma Siriya.

Kuyambira September 2015 anapempha boma Siriya polimbana IG anayamba kutsatira okhudzidwa Russian. mpweya wake mphamvu n'kuyamba pomenyana malo magulu oopsa. Komabe, kufika mgwirizano pa mgwirizano zochita pakati Russia ndi Mgwirizano wa mayiko a azungu, chifukwa chiwerengero cha zotsutsana, izo zinalephereka.

thandizo la asilikali a chimadalira mayiko chinathandiza gawo igil ku Iraq ali utachepa kwambiri. Zikuonekanso inaimitsidwa omenyana tiponye Syria, anakwanitsa munganyansidwe iwo angapo malo ofunika. Iye anavulala mutu wa IG Abu Bakrn al-Baghdadi.

Koma kulankhula za kupambana kwa Mgwirizano wa State Chisilamu akadali molawirira kwambiri.

Kufalitsa wa IG

M'bwalolo yaikulu ya State Chisilamu la kanthu ndi gawo la Iraq ndi Syria. Koma bungwe wandisonyeza kukopa kwake ku mayiko ena. LIH mwachindunji asaaonerera ena gawo Libya ndi Lebanon. Komanso, gulu posachedwapa inayambanso mwachangu Afghanistan, kupeza kuti tithe ake kumbali wakale wa dziko "Taliban". Atsogoleri a ku Nigeria zigawenga gulu Islamist "Boko HARAM" anapereka lumbiro la kukhulupirika kwa Caliph wa State Chisilamu ndi dera lomwe umalamulidwa ndi bungwe, linatchedwa chigawo cha IG. Komanso, IG ali nthambi ku Iguputo, Philippines, Yemen ndi ambiri mabungwe onse a boma.

Atsogoleri a amanena Chisilamu boma kulamulira pa malo onse pa nthawi ya Arab Caliphate ndi Ottoman, amene amadziona kukhala oloŵa.

Kapangidwe gulu la boma Chisilamu

State Chisilamu la boma angatchedwe lateokalaseli mafumu. The Caliph ndi mutu wa boma. Thupi kuti ndi ntchito yolangiza, wotchedwa Shura. Ministries ndi analogues Intelligence Council, ndi malangizo asilikali ndi malamulo, utumiki thanzi, ndi zina zotero. D. gulu imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo m'mayiko ambiri amene ali kudziyimira pawokha ndi amphamvu anira.

gawo ankati ndi IG, lagawidwa 37 Zigawo (utsogoleri mayunitsi).

ziyembekezo

The State Chisilamu ndi wachinyamata monga bungwe zigawenga, amene anagawira dziko lapansi imathamanga kwambiri. Amanena kuti mphamvu osati mu Middle East, komanso mu dziko Muslim. Pakati ake akulowa ambiri a anthu amakani. njira IG za kulimbana ndi nkhanza kwambiri.

Kuletsa pasadakhale zina za gulu likhoza u ndi kanthu yake ndi anthu padziko lonse.