History za makina osokera. Zosangalatsa za makina osokera

Mutu wa nkhani ino - nkhani ya makina osokera. Timalankhula pamene makina woyamba, ndipo ndi amene analengedwa. Taonani nkhani ya wotchuka kwambiri kwa kupanga makina a kampani - "woimba". Ndipo timayesetsa kupeza pamene makina osokera choyamba mu Russia.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Mbiri ya makina oyamba kusoka anayamba panthawi imene makolo athu kutali woyamba anatola fupa singano. Dziwani kuti chida ichi ndiye ankaoneka ngati choboolera, osati singano. Kenako iye anatulukira mbedza kwa threading kudzera mabowo anakhomerera mu nsalu. Ndipo pambuyo kuti singano ndi eyelet. Ndipo dzenje kwa thonje linapangidwa pansi kwambiri za singano monga pa makina amakono.

Komabe, ena amtundu makina osokera anatuluka kokha m'zaka 14 ku Holland. Panthawi imeneyi, kupanga zokambirana lochedwa anali woyamba ndi zipangizo matayala, amene pogaya chinsalu zojambula yaitali. Mpaka ife, mwatsoka, siinafike dzina la anayambitsa ndondomeko imeneyi. Komabe, amadziwika kuti nyumba izi zinali zazikulu kwambiri ndipo akutenga malo yaikulu. Dutch makina ndithu ngati kusoka ano.

The ntchito yoyamba

Osati popanda nawo mbiri Leonardo da Vinci ya makina osokera. Kalasi 5 ( "Technology" - mbali ya nkhani imatengedwa mutu), ndi ndikuwerenga mbiriyakale, monga maphunziro atsopano, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe zida za magetsi. Pankhani imeneyi, ana kufuna kudziwa kuti bukuli za makina osokera anapereka Leonardo da Vinci m'zaka 15. Komabe, lingaliro la wasayansi wamkulu ndi sichinayambe akuyendera.

Izo zinali kokha mu 1755 Carl Veyzental amatha kupeza setifiketi chifukwa cha kutulukira makina osokera kuti chitidwe ndi stitches anapanga ndi manja. Mu 1790, St. Thomas adalenga makina anaikira nsapato kusoka. Ndiye analenga chitsanzo chake cha kusoka makina B. Parmena. Komabe, njira izi sizinachitike akufalitsa.

Izo zinali kokha pa chiyambi cha 1845 Ellias Kaundula wotchedwa Hou walenga galimoto kuti anali kwenikweni oyenera kusoka, ngakhale, ndipo anali ndi zovuta.

Kuoneka woyamba fakitale chovala

Kupitiriza mbiri za makina osokera. Kalasi 5, mwachidule tikuyidziwa nkhani pamwamba, mwina chidwi chakuti woyamba kusoka makina, kapena zochepa ofanana ano, anaonekera m'ma 18.

Onse tatchulawa Kutulukira, kokha Buku kusoka reconstituted ndipo mukhoza kusoka ulusi chimodzi chokha. Pankhaniyi, nsalu inazingidwa kukhala mu malo olungama, ndi suture ndi mwachilungamo zovuta kupasuka. Komabe, sanaleke Barthelemy Timonen 1830 anakhala woyambitsa wa woyamba fakitale makina osokera, amene anali okonzeka ndi opanda ungwiro amenewa kwambiri limagwirira choyamba.

Mbiri ya makina woimba kusoka

Zonsezi zinayamba mu msonkhano waung'ono okhazikika mu kukonza makina osokera. Apa iye ntchito Isaac woyimba, ndi kudzikonda anaphunzitsa injiniya. Tsiku lina, pamene iye anali kukonza wagawo wina zosalongosoka, anauza mbuye wake kuti iye akanakhoza kubwera ndi zabwino kuposa zonse kubwera kwa matelefoni unusable. Mwiniwake sanali kukhulupirira iye. Ndiye woimba anatenga $ 40 bwenzi namanga kusoka makina atsopano. Pa ntchito zinatengera ndendende 11 masiku.

chipangizo Zimenezi zimathandiza kuchita seams molunjika basi, ndi zimene mukufuna. Pankhaniyi, nsalu aphata countertop ndi wapadera "mphamvu" ndipo limagwirira anali zoyendetsedwa ndi phazi ngo yabwino lomasula manja dressmaker n'kulola kugwira ndi kutsogolera nsalu. Komabe, woimba sikunalekere pamenepo, kupitiriza bwino chidali chifuniro chake.

malonda woimba

Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi woimba akuyamba mbiri yeniyeni ya makina osokera. Mwachidule za nyota za munthu uyu, m'pofunika kutchula chakuti iye mangawa kupambana osati luso, komanso malonda zochita zawo. Mwachitsanzo, woimba anazindikira msanga kuti akazi makasitomala katundu zikuluzikulu - akazi. Magazini kulibe, koma onse akazi okongola mwadongosolo kutchalitchi. Ndiye woimba anayamba kugawira timabuku makina awo ndi achipembedzo.

History za makina osokera, kuwonjezera pa koposa zonse, kale umaphatikizapo mfundo winanso wochititsa chidwi. Icho chinali choyamba woimba kusoka makina Mlengi, amene anaganiza zogulitsa mosiyana mayunitsi ndi kulekera mbali kwa kukonza. Komanso, chochitika angatchedwe Mwachitsanzo yoyamba m'mbiri "pambuyo-malonda" utumiki.

zaka 19-20

Panthawi imeneyi mbiri za makina osokera, mukhoza kunena, ufika pachimake. Popeza kuti anali mu 19 mochedwa ndipo mu 20 makina m'nthawi kusoka akhala amazipanga wotchuka. Iwo kugula ndi kugulitsa zedi yaikulu.

Pali onse makampani latsopano ndi watsopano kwa kupanga mayunitsi Mwachitsanzo: Verits, Pfaff, Kaizer ndi ena. Komabe, kampani "woimba" ndi mtsogoleri dziko mu malonda a makina.

Russia

Ndipo kumaphatikizapo maonekedwe pa mbiri Russian msika za makina osokera. Kalasi 5, ophunzira anakulirakulirabe timudziwe bwino mbiriyakale, ayenera kudziwa kuti pamene magalimoto loyamba anayamba kuoneka m'dziko lathu.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1866, fakitale kwa kupanga makina osokera chinamasulidwa mu Russia. tate wake anali Robert Goetz, ndipo inali mu St. Petersburg. Kenako kupanga izi kukodzedwa Leon Kasteleyon, kusintha kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makina.

M'zaka zimenezi, makina osokera akhala amazipanga wotchuka - amaonedwa mphatso zopambana ndi malowolo.

"Woimba" mu Russian

Osati popanda kuyanjana 'woimba "ndi Russian mbiri za makina osokera. 5 kalasi ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi mfundo zimenezi.

Choncho, mu 1902, idamangidwa pa Podolsk fakitale makina zingerovskih. Mwa njira, iwo amagwira ntchito lero. Poyamba, kampani ntchito masitolo ena ang'onoang'ono, makina kusonkhana. Komabe, patapita fakitale chikuwonjezeka, kotero kuti anali maudindo 65 zigawo zosiyana za dzikoli. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi "woimba", choyamba anathandizana Imperial Court, ndipo kenako boma la Soviet.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Lokha n'zosangalatsa kwambiri mbiri za makina osokera. Uzani ana Komabe, ndi bwino chidwi mfundo kugwirizana nazo. Mvetserani kale kudzakhala kovuta, koma ochepa yowala zochitika m'mbiri anakumbukira bwino.

Muyenera kuyamba ndi ochepa mfundo zochititsa chidwi za kampani "woimba" ndi mankhwala ake. Choncho, magalimoto woyamba wa mtundu uwu anali odula - $ 125. M'masiku amenewo linali bajeti ya banja wamba American pafupifupi 3 miyezi. M'pofunika kukumbukira kuti nthawi zambiri udachita ndi kusoka amayi osakwatiwa kapena akazi amasiye, amene amapeza zinali zochepa kwambiri. Ndiye woimba anatenga, inu mukhoza kunena, kusankha fateful: kugulitsa galimoto pang'onopang'ono. Sitepe kuchuluka malonda kwa makope 1,000 chaka. Ndipo ndi 1875, a zolowa za kampani yake ananyamuka nthawi zambiri ngati 200. Kuwonjezereka Zimenezi zathandiza kuchepetsa ndalama magalimoto ndi 200 $ 10.

History za makina osokera wolemera mfundo ina chidwi zokhudzana ndi kampani "woimba". Iye alibe kugwirizana kwa makina enieni kusoka, koma ofunika ponena. Mu 1908, a bungweli amamanga nyumba anali woyamba New York inawomba nyumba yaitali - iwo ali 47 mbewu. Linaikidwa chidwi kwambiri Broadway House 149.

Mu masiku a Mao Zedong ku China wakhala kuti yodziwika moyo wa banja: ". Wina ayankhula, atatu kupota" Ichi chimatanthauza kuti m'banja ndi wotchi, makina osokera, wailesi ndi njinga.

Popeza mma 1990, 2000s ndi mphekesera ena gawo la makina akale kusoka amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zosiyana siyana wapatali, mwachitsanzo, palladium ndi pulatinamu. Ikufotokoza kuoneka ambiri ogula m'chipani. Mu 2001, chifukwa cha nthano imeneyi panali upandu - achinyamata anapha pensioner natengedwa kuchoka nyumba makina ake akale kusoka. Kumene, mfundo pa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali alibe poyerekezera ndi choonadi.

Monga taonera, lero anaphunzira mbiri sukulu za makina osokera. Kalasi 5 (GEF - pulogalamu yatsopano yophunzitsa, womwenso phunziro), mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira za nkhani pa maphunziro luso.

Mwa mfundo zosangalatsa kuti amatha ana mbiri ya makina, pali chochitika posachedwapa kwambiri. Mu 2012, munthu wachiwiri kuchokera kudera Rostov Leonid Shafirov anatulukira njira zimene zingakhumudwitse aziyankha ntchito ya amayi a mabanja akuluakulu ndi amayi osakwatiwa mu limodzi mwa madera ambiri m'mbuyo kwa Anthuwa ndi - kugawa kwaulere kwa akazi pafupifupi makina osokera zana. kusonkhana unachitikira mu mizinda iwiri. Magalimoto anali kutumiza kupempha kwa kazembe ndi zolembedwa chitsimikiziro cha abale ndi anansi kuti mayi wa ana ambiri mudziwa kusoka.

History za makina osokera ndi chitsulo

Pamodzi ndi mbiri za makina osokera, n'zotheka kulankhula za nkhani imeneyi lero irreplaceable, monga chitsulo. chipangizo chamagetsi uyu ali ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri. Malinga ndi umboni wa zakale m'chifanizo cha chitsulo ntchito mwamsanga 4. m'ma BC. e. ku Greece. Poyamba anali mwala mkangano kuti smoothes zovala. Izo zinali kokha m'zaka za m'ma 18 panali pulasitala zitsulo ayironi amene mawonekedwe anali ofanana ndi a masiku ano. Koma chitsulo magetsi kuonekera mu 1903, ndipo anamuika Earl Richardson.

Choncho, mbiri za magetsi banja pasakhale zochepa zosangalatsa kuposa mbiri ya chitukuko.