John Kenneth Galbraith: Kuweta Maganizo

John Kenneth Galbraith - Canada (pambuyo American) zachuma, yaboma, nthumwi ndi kutsatira za liberalism American. mabuku ake akhala bestsellers ku 1950s kuti 2000s wa. Mmodzi wa iwo - "The Great Alengeza cha 1929". Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt walunjika mndandanda wa bwino kugulitsa olemba kachiwiri mu 2008, pambuyo inayamba mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Mu 2010, ambiri a ntchito za sayansi akhala angandisindikizirenso pansi pa editorship mwa mwana wake.

malingaliro monga zachuma ndi Galbraith kwambiri mukopedwe malingaliro Trosteyna Veblen ndi John Maynard Keynes. Scientist pafupifupi moyo wake wonse (zaka 50) ankagwira ntchito ku University Harvard. Iye walemba 50 mabuku ndi zikwi za nkhani pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Pakati trilogy wotchuka kwambiri ntchito pa zachuma: "American bizinesi" (1952), "The Society olemera" (1958), "The New Industrial State" (1967).

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt: yonena

Tsogolo odziwika zachuma amene anabadwa mu banja la Canada wobadwira ku Scotland. Iye anali ndi alongo awiri ndi m'bale wina. bambo wake anali mlimi ndi mphunzitsi wa sukulu mayi - mkazi wapakhomo. Iye anafa pamene Galbraith anali ndi zaka 14 zokha. Mu 1931, iye analandira Bachelor a Agriculture, ndiye - Master ya Science ndi Ph.D. m'munda chimodzimodzi. Kuyambira 1934 mpaka 1939 anagwira ntchito lachiwiri (ndi chiswa) pulofesa University Harvard kuyambira mu 1939 mpaka 1940-TH - pa Princeton. Mu 1937 anakhala nzika American ndi maphunziro kwa Cambridge. Apo iye anadziwa maganizo a John Maynard Keynes. ntchito ndale Galbraith inayamba ntchito ngati mlangizi mu Roosevelt utsogoleli. Mu 1949 anaikidwa Pulofesa wina wa zachuma pa University Harvard.

Gelbreyt Dzhon Kenneth, kapena Ken (Sanasangalale dzina lanu zonse), anali wandale yogwira, anathandiza Democratic Party ndipo anatumikira mu maboma a Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy ndi Johnson. Komanso mwachidule anatumikira kazembe ku India. Amangonena kuti wotchuka wa zachuma ya theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi.

Monga theorist wa institutionalism

John Kenneth Galbraith anali wothandiza wa otchedwa technocratic Determinism. Ndikugwira ntchito Kennedy makonzedwe, iye anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa pulogalamu "New Lina". Pamaziko a zinthu luso ndi chuma kupanga kunja machitidwe awiri osiyana: msika ndi mapulani. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mamiliyoni mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono kuti ntchito m'mafakitale osiyana. dongosolo mapulani wapangidwa ndi zikwi a mabungwe akuluakulu yotulutsa kwambiri za katundu. Recent masuku pamutu Makampani ang'ono, ndi amene ankatembenukira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za ntchito yaikulu. The mbali yaikulu ya mapulani dongosolo Galbraith anakhulupirira otchedwa "wokhwima" bungweli. Ndi chikhalidwe chake, kuyenera technostructure, zomwe zimabweretsa pamodzi asayansi, akatswiri ndi akatswiri a malonda ndi maubale, maloya, wothandizila, Ngopambana, olamulira ndi anthu ena ogwira ntchito ndi imayang'anira kusunga ndi kulimbitsa malo a gulu la ku msika.

Pa chuma US

Mu 1952 John Kenneth Galbraith anayamba trilogy wake wotchuka. M'buku lake "American bizinesi: mfundo countervailing mphamvu," Iye anapeza kuti chuma olamulidwa ndi khama ophatikizana a bizinesi yaikulu, mabungwe malonda chachikulu ndi boma. Ndipo izi zilili, malinga ndi wasayansi, anali lililonse la United States si mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu. Kutsutsana mphamvu anaitana zochita za magulu modutsa makampani ndi mabungwe. Maganizo a 1930-1932. azamalonda ndi ufulu wachibale kusamalira chuma. Ntchito zake "The Great Alengeza cha 1929," akulongosola dontho wotchuka mu N'zokayikitsa pa Wall Street ndi mmene m'misika pang'onopang'ono anabwerera kuchokera ku chenicheni pa Boom ndi zongopeka. Mu buku la "The Society olemera", amene anakhala bestseller, Galbraith akunenetsa kuti akhale boma bwino pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, United States ayenera aganyali kumanga misewu ndi maphunziro, ntchito ndalama analandira kuchokera amakhoma misonkho. Iye sankaona ponso kupanga katundu limasonyeza thanzi la zachuma ndi anthu. Zikuwoneka wasayansi zinakhudza ndondomeko ya Kennedy ndi Johnson maboma.

Lingaliro la mtundu watsopano mafakitale

Mu 1996, Galbraith anaitanidwa wailesi. Ndondomeko asanu iye ankayenera kuti atiuze za ulimi wa zachuma ndi zotsatira za mabungwe akuluakulu mu boma. buku lotchedwa "The New Industrial State John" Kennet Gelbreyt mu 1967 anamasula zochokera mapulogalamu izi. Mu izo, anasonyeza njira zake kusanthula ndi kukangana chifukwa amaona kuti mpikisano angwiro ndi oyenera okha ochepa Boma la chuma US.

Pa thovu ndalama

ntchito Galbraith odzipereka zosiyanasiyana nkhani. Mu "A mwachidule mbiri ya euphoria ndalama," lolembedwa mu 1994, iye ikufotokoza zikamera thovu zongopeka kwa zaka zingapo. Iye akukhulupirira kuti mankhwala a dongosolo ufulu msika, ozikidwa pa "misa zamaganizo" ndi "kudziletsa kutumikira chidwi zolakwa." Galbraith ankakhulupirira kuti "... dziko ya zachuma ku reinvent gudumu mobwerezabwereza nthawi zambiri khola zosakwana Baibulo m'mbuyomu." N'zochititsa chidwi kuti padziko lonse vuto la 2008 Chaka, amene kudabwa ndi chuma ambiri, watsimikizira ambiri a maganizo ake.

cholowa

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt kusanthula zazikulu za citukuko sankaoneka ngati chida zina, akukhulupirira kuti zitsanzo neoclassical zambiri sizisonyeza mwaimvetsa. Onse ziphunzitso zazikulu za sayansi zokhudzana ndi zochita za mabungwe akuluakulu pa msika. Gebreyt ankakhulupirira kuti iwo akhale mitengo, osati ogula. Iye analimbikitsa pa boma, komwe zofunika. Mu "The Society olemera" Galbraith ananena kuti njira chiphunzitso chakale zachuma anali ogwira yekha kale, ndi "zaka umphawi." Iye kuimba kuchepetsa yokumba wa mowa wa katundu ena kudutsa mu kachitidwe kwa misonkho. Galbraith komanso akufuna pulogalamu "kupatula anthu".

Sitingawerenge kutsutsa

John Kenneth Galbraith, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe kumatanthauza zambiri za chuma US, ankatsutsa m'Chingelezi chosavuta zitsanzo neoclassical kufotokoza njira zachuma. Nobel Milton Friedman wachita ndi kutsutsa nkhanza za maganizo wasayansi. Iye anati Galbraith akhulupilira ukulu wa anthu apamwamba ndi mphamvu paternalistic ndi wokanayo ogula ndi ufulu wosankha yosavuta kumva. Paulo Krugman sankaona iye wasayansi. Anaonetsa kuti Ken analemba si zopeka ntchito kupereka mayankho simplistic mafunso ovuta. Krugman ndinaganiza Galbraith "media munthu" osati zachuma kwambiri.

Dzhon Kennet Gelbreyt (amagwira):

• "Ine ndine kuchitapo kanthu wanzeru. Ngati msika ntchito, pamenepo ndiri pa izo. Ngati mukufuna alowererepo boma, inenso amathandiza. Ndine Muzisamala kwambiri za anthu amene ali pa anthu wamba ndi boma chuma. Ine nthawizonse kuthandiza chomwe chimagwira ntchito mu nkhani imeneyi. "
• "Kafukufuku wa ndalama, pamwamba kumabungwe ena onse a chuma, ntchito Kuvuta kwa chinthu chowonadi kapena kuzemba Kuwulura, osati mosemphanitsa. The njira imene mabanki kulenga ndalama ndi mophweka kuti maganizo si kuzindikira izo. Zikuoneka kuti mapangidwe chinthu chofunika kwambiri kukhala ndi chinsinsi chachikulu. "
• "Ndale si luso tingathere. Ndi kusankha pakati pa abale awo komanso wosasangalala. "
• "Palibe chikaiko chakuti tsopano bungweli anatenga ulamuliro ndondomeko waukulu."
• "Anaonekera pamaso kusankha pakati pa kusintha maganizo ndi kufunafuna zifukwa kutero, pafupifupi aliyense mabasi lachiwiri."