Kachisi wa milungu yonse ya Rome: dzina, chithunzi, malongosoledwe

Za iye ndakatulo zapamwamba za mabuku dziko, kuti iye akufunafuna alendo, amene anafika Italy, chithunzi chake zikutengedwa kunyumba zithunzi ndi mapositi kadi. Inali ku Rome kachisi wa milungu (kapena kuti tsopano lotchedwa ntchitoyo, Pantheon) pa nthawi ya erection ake anali odzipereka kwa milungu waukulu ankalambira mu Ufumu wa Roma. Nyumba otchuka ndi mmodzi wa zipilala otchuka kwambiri nthawi zakale, anapulumuka masiku ano. Ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri, dziko zasintha atagwa Ufumu, malo opatulika chikunja opatulidwira monga mpingo wa St. Mary ndi Martyrs.

History. Woyamba Pantheon - Pantheon wa Agrippa

Temple Choyamba milungu yonse ya Rome inamangidwa pakati pa 27 ndi 25 BC. Ngakhale kuti omangawo zinachitikadi pa dera la Ufumu wa Roma, dzina la Kachisi wa milungu yonse ku Rome limachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "poto" - "mabuku" ndi "Theon" omwe anamasuliridwa kuti "Mulungu". Iye anali wodzipereka makamaka kwa milungu ya Aroma;

• Jupiter - mulungu wamkulu wa bingu, Chofanana Zeus Agiriki.
• Neptune - mulungu wa nyanja ndi zivomezi, Greek mnzake - Poseidon.
• Mars - mulungu wa nkhondo, izo limafanana ndi Greek Ares.
• Venus - mulungu wa chikondi ndi kukongola, Aphrodite ku Greece.
• Pluto - mulungu wa kumidima, ndi Greek mnzake - Hade.
• Mercury - mtumiki wa milungu, woyang'anira wa amalonda ndi apaulendo (Herme ku Greece).
• Saturn - titaniyamu nthawi, m'chiherene - Kronos (Chronos).

kasamalidwe yomanga analanda mnzanu wapamtima amkazi wa mfumu, kazembe Marcus Agrippa, umboni ndi lolembedwa ndi alimbane ndi makalata mkuwa pa nyumbayi. The Pantheon woyamba inatembenuka kum'mwera ndi mawonekedwe anayi. Ulemerero waukulu wa Roma Pantheon wapakamwa anali mizati ndi caryatids - ziboliboli atavala akazi, m'malo ndime yoyamba inatuluka mu Greece wakale. Popenyana ndi Pantheon, pa mbali ina ya lalikulu, anaima Kachisi wa Neptune. Osachepera, kuti ndi malongosoledwe a m'nyumba ya milungu yonse ya Rome anabwera kwa ife.

The Roma Pantheon anawonongedwa mu moto m'zaka AD choyamba, koma ngati makachisi ena ambiri, inamangidwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Domitian, ndi zotsalira ake tsopano ili pa akuya pafupifupi mamita awiri.

Pomanga makachisi yamakono ya milungu ku Rome

Kubwezeretsedwa pansi Domitian Pantheon Marcus Agrippa potsiriza anawononga pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Trajan chakuti iwo anagwidwa ndi mphezi, kotero Mfumu Hadrian, amene ankafuna "kachisi uyu wa milungu yonse ankaimira lonse dera lakumwamba", izo kwathunthu anamanganso .

Malinga ndi kulemba pa njerwa imene zovuta kachisi, kumanga ake ikuchitika mu zoyambirira za m'ma AD chachiwiri. Wazomangamanga anapanga imodzi mapulani wamkulu wa nthawi, Apollodorus a Damasiko, amene anatsogolera ntchito yomanga nyumba zofunika (kuphatikizapo Spa ndi Arc de Triomphe), osati pansi Hadrian, komanso pamaso pa izo, pansi Trajan.

mbali mapulani

Mosiyana ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo, ndi Pantheon Apollodorus anali zochokera kumpoto, ndi miyeso ake kuchuluka zayamba. Komanso, ntchito yatsopano zikuchokera mapulani yawonjezedwa masitepe atatu a olankhulira. Danga mkati mwa kachisi ndi okwanira malo - yabwino chitsanzo cha chilengedwe - mamita 43 m'mimba mwake. Kamangidwe wa Kachisi wa milungu yonse ya Aroma amasonyeza chizindikiro cha loukitsa Akufa. Kachisi m'makoma wandiweyani mokwanira, ndipo zikuchokera zawo zimasiyanasiyana ndi kumwamba - pansi ali kwambiri wandiweyani, ndi kumtunda kwa iwo tichipeza zipangizo mbandakucha.

Kumene, wotchuka kwambiri maganizo a wapakamwa pa - zithunzi zambiri za kachisi wa milungu yonse ya Rome, mukhoza kuona zipilala sikisitini mkulu amene apuma pa pediment triangular. Pa pediment pali mawu akuti mofanana Pantheon kwa Agripa. Pansi pediment pali mabowo kuti yakusankha chithunzi cha mkuwa cha chizindikiro mphamvu - mphungu atatambasula mapiko, chimene chikutsimikizira kukamwa kwake thundu nkhata. A zambiri zokongoletsa wapakamwa mafano mkuwa ntchito ya Diogenes Athens anagwiritsa ntchito pa ntchito tchalitchi cha St. Peter, anthu ambiri pa nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti mchitidwe woipitsitsawu.

Pantheon pambuyo kugwa Ufumu

Utatha wa Roma Pantheon anathawa kuwonongedwa kokha chifukwa chakuti mu 608 AD, anatembenuzidwa mu mpingo ndi Papa Bonifesi IV, amene patatha chaka wodzipereka mu ulemu wa St. Mary ndi Martyrs. dzina The chifukwa chakuti iwo adagwidwa pano zotsalira za mphanga Roma. Pambuyo za makumi asanu zaka za Mfumu Constans II wa Constantinople naye ku Kachisi wakale wa milungu yonse ya zokongoletsa mkuwa ndi matailosi gilded, amene anachotsa patsogolo pokhapokha zaka pafupifupi ziwiri zotsatirazi ulendo wa mfumu ya Constantinople. Komanso, pambuyo Pantheon anakhala mpingo wa Chikhristu, zinthu zonse zachikunja mpatuko wa Aroma, fano la milungu Roma anawonongedwa. kachisi anamangidwira guwa, panali ziboliboli za oyera, frescoes zochitika za m'Baibulo.

Mu zaka wotsatira, tsogolo la nyumba wamkuluyu linali unenviable. Kwa nthawi yaitali anakhalabe bwinja, monga pa Avignoni upapa. Pa nthawi ina iye anali mu malo ya kulimbana pakati pa Roma mabanja wolemekezeka wa Colonna ndi Orsini, kumachita monga malo otetezedwa bwino.

Amene anaikidwa mu Kachisi wa milungu yonse?

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano anabweretsa mwambo m'manda ku matchalitchi akuluakulu a amuna odziwika nthawi yake. Wathunso izo phwando ndi Pantheon, komwe anapeza awo malo okhalamo komaliza, amisiri ambiri Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pakati pawo mmodzi wa ambuye kwambiri a m'nthawi yake - Rafael Santi, yemwe ali pano ndi bwenzi lake Maria Bibbienoy, wamanga Baldassare Peruzzi, woimba Arkandzhelo Korelli.

Apa kugona mafumu ku Italy Savoy. Mu Kachisi wakale wa milungu yonse m'manda woyamba a mafumu a United Italy - Victor II wa Emannuil, Atate wa Dziko, monga amene analembedwa pa tombstone wake. Adalemekeza ntchito mwakhama kuti athandize dziko ndipo nkhondo yake kwa mgwirizano. Mwana ndi m'malo a unifier la Italy, Mfumu Umberto anawomberedwa akufa mu 1900, ndipo anaikidwa mu Pantheon, pafupi ndi bambo ake. zaka sate-sikisi m'manda ku Pantheon anali mkazi wa Umberto ndi Mfumukazi Margherita. Mlonda wina pa maliro achifumu kupereka tsiku ndi zaufulu ndi oimira Institute National Ulemu alonda.

Maulendo kuti Pantheon ndi

The Pantheon angabwere onse ku ulendo bungwe Mwachitsanzo, pa ulendo wa Rome, ndi kumapitirira awo, ndi maso awo anaona ulemerero wa zomangamanga wakale. Polowera ku kachisi ndi yotsegula kuyambira pakati pa ndine chinayi mpaka hafu pasiti seveni madzulo ndipo mwamtheradi mfulu, koma safuna kuti anthu pa January 1, May 1 ndi December 25 - pa holide anthu. Pantheon ili mu Piazza Della Rotonda (Piazza Della Rotonda). Komabe, pali nkhani zambiri zimene tiyenera kuziganizira pamene kuyendera.

Zinthu zofunika kuzikumbukira pamene kuyendera Pantheon?

Ngati munthu wasankha kudzacheza pamene ku Roma, Pantheon - Kachisi wa milungu yonse, ayenera kukumbukira kuti muyenera kutsatira malamulo.

• The Pantheon mu malo oyamba ayenera kukhala kavalidwe, chifukwa ndi kachisi yogwira. Zovala ayenera kutsekedwa. Pankhani kwambiri n'zotheka kukulunga yokha mozungulira wina wa mipango ya dengu kuchoka pakhomo.
• Mpingo sungakhoze kunyamula chakudya ndi zakumwa.
• Onetsetsani kuti zimitsani foni. Koma nthawi yomweyo m'kachisi, mukhoza kutenga zithunzi ndi umboni kanema.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Mmodzi wa waukulu mbali zimasiyanitsa chinthu chikhalidwe patsogolo pathu chinali chifukwa chakuti Kachisi wa milungu yonse ku Roma anali malo okhawo kumene iye akanakhoza kupita mwamtheradi wokhala aliyense wa mzinda, ndi kupemphera kwa milungu yawo. Zinali luso, chifukwa kale kuti akachisi mwayi kokha kwa ansembe.

Only kamodzi pachaka - pa dzinja March, June 21 - dzuwa kudutsa "diso la Pantheon" (dzenje wozungulira pakati pa m'tchalitchi cha m'kachisi), akufotokoza m'gulu anthu mu mpingo. Mu masiku otsala masana dzuwa ndipamene mtundu wa "mzati", ndi mawotchi nayenso zounikira pa niches ndi zifaniziro za oyera, ziboliboli milungu amene kale anaika.

The anamaliza mawonekedwe a mbali yaikulu ya Pantheon, chifukwa chakuti kamodzi malo awa ali dziwe, Amene maziko awo ndipo anakhala maziko a kachisi, amene anamanga ndi Agrippa.