Kalembedwe Scientific: mbali. mbali zinenero kalembedwe sayansi

mbali Scientific kalembedwe ndiwo phunziro la kwa akatswiri a zinenero, akuonetsa njira yeniyeni kulankhula, ntchito makamaka mu munda wa sayansi, luso, sayansi ndi otchuka kwa mawu ndi chilango cha zosiyanasiyana zili ndi kopita maganizo, malingaliro, wachita bwino.

General khalidwe la malemba sayansi

lemba Scientific - ichi ndi chifukwa, kapena chifukwa cha lipoti la ntchito kafukufuku, amene analenga kwa gulu la anthu amene ali akatswiri zogwirizana maganizo ake ndi kuwunika. Pofuna kuti ngati nkhani ngati n'kotheka, wolemba ali amachita ntchito chinenero ofunda, njira yapadera ndi njira za nkhaniyo. Nthawi zambiri mawu sayansi - izo imafalitsidwa kapena anafuna kuti ntchito kulisindikiza. Kuti mawu a dongosolo sayansi ndipo mwapadera okonzeka zipangizo ulaliki m'kamwa Mwachitsanzo, lipoti pa msonkhano kapena nkhani maphunziro.

Mbali khalidwe la kalembedwe sayansi - ndale kamvekedwe, cholinga njira ndi nkhani, kusasintha malemba, kupezeka kwa terminology ndi zinenero zinthu zenizeni, anatengedwa pakati pa asayansi kwa zomveka chokwanira ulaliki.

Zosiyanasiyana kalembedwe sayansi

Kuchuluka kwa olembedwa kuti kuli ntchito za kalembedwe sayansi Mzimuyo n'loonadi, malire momveka amanena komanso kamangidwe.

Kupatukana malemba sayansi pa mitundu ndi mitundu chafotokozedwa, choyamba, ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu anafotokozedwa ndi khalidwe ambiri, asayansi kafukufuku okhutira, lingathe ziyembekezo omvera. Pali mfundo zikuluzikulu mabuku ambiri a sayansi, lomwe limapanga malire a malemba kuti sayansi ndi luso, asayansi anthu, sayansi ndi masoka. Tingaone ndi sublanguage kutchula kumene kulipo pakati pa a sayansi ya - ajebura, zomera, sayansi ndale, etc.

M. P. Senkevich kusasintha mitundu ya kalembedwe sayansi mlingo wa "sayansi" wa chomaliza mankhwala ndi kupeza mitundu zotsatirazi:

1. kalembedwe zivute sayansi (Aka - maphunziro) mmene ntchito yaikulu wodzipereka kwa bwalo yopapatiza wa akatswiri ndi munali kufufuza mfundo wolemba - monographs, nkhani, asayansi.

2. Statement ya generalization kapena cholowa sayansi muli sekondale zipangizo zambiri (abstracts, annotations) - iwo analengedwa mu sayansi kapena nkhani za sayansi kalembedwe refereed.

3. A osiyana sayansi ndi amalonda malonda dera akuwonetsa zotsatira ndi ubwino mankhwala enieni - patsogolo latsopano sayansi, zamagetsi, umagwirira, mankhwala ndi zina za sayansi ntchito.

4. Research ndi Buku mabuku (akalozera, zopereka, otanthauzira, akalozera) cholinga kupereka achidule kwambiri, yolondola, ndi zinthu zina, zikungosonyeza owerenga zoona.

5. A malo apadera ntchito mabuku maphunziro ndi sayansi, iikidwa mfundo za sayansi ndi anawonjezera chigawo didactic kwa zinthu fanizo ndi zipangizo kubwerezabwereza (mabuku maphunziro mabungwe osiyanasiyana ophunzitsa).

6. Popular sayansi mabuku ena biographies wa anthu otchuka, mbiri za chiyambi cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, ndi Nkhani za zochitika ndiponso kutulukira, ndipo akupezeka pa osiyanasiyana maphwando chidwi chifukwa mafanizo, zitsanzo, mafotokozedwe.

Katundu lemba sayansi

Text analengedwa mu kalembedwe sayansi, ndi dongosolo yovomerezeka chatsekedwa.

Mbali yaikulu ya kalembedwe sayansi - kugwilizana chinenero zolembalemba, ntchito mosinthanasinthana muyezo ndi mawu, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wa zizindikiro "likutipatsa" ndi kachitidwe ka chinenero, kugwiritsa ntchito maumboni ndi mawu a m'munsi. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri ammudzi za sayansi ndi clichés: tiona vuto ... tisaiwale kuti ... tinasonkhanitsa pa maphunziro awa zinachititsa kuti mfundo zotsatirazi ..., chitani ndi kusanthula ..., etc.

Popereka sayansi zinthu zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito 'yokumba' chinenero - Graphic: 1) zithunzi, zithunzi, midadada, kanjedza, zojambula; 2) mitunduyi ndi zizindikiro; 3) The mawu enieni ndi mbali lexical wa stilya- sayansi Mwachitsanzo, mayina a zedi thupi, zizindikiro masamu, etc.

Referential zida (am'munsi, maumboni, mawu) ndipamene chifaniziro molondola nkhani ndi kulankhula ndi kukhazikitsa khalidwe la kulemba sayansi, n'zolondola ogwidwa ndi magwero verifiable.

Choncho, kalembedwe sayansi, amene makamaka yodziwika ndi zogwirizana malamulo a chinenero mabuku, ndi zolondola, momveka ndi conciseness mawu maganizo kafukufuku. Pakuti mawu sayansi ndi khalidwe monologue mawonekedwe, nkhani mfundo kuwuluridwa zonse, maganizo cholinga monga wangwiro ndi mabuku m'lingaliro akuti.

Zamalankhulidwe dongosolo la malemba sayansi

Lililonse malemba ali sayansi yake kalembedwe pomanga mfundo, mtundu wathunthu, malamulo yoyenera structuring. Childs, kafukufuku wa chimatsatira chiwembu zotsatirazi:

• chiyambi vuto, kulungamitsidwa za kufunika kwake, m'maganizo;
• ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa nkhani yophunzira (zina, chinthu);
• cholinga kolowera chisankho mu njira ya kukwaniritsa zolinga zina;
• review mabuku sayansi, mwa njira iliyonse bwanji phunziro la pa, ikulongosola za ongolankhula ndi methodological chimango ntchito; terminology wa kulungamitsidwa;
• kufunika ongolankhula ndi othandiza ntchito sayansi;
• zili ntchito ya kafukufuku;
• kufotokoza zimenezo, ngati umachitika;
• zotsatira za kafukufuku, kusasintha mfundo zotsatira zake.

mbali Language: mau

Amatengeka kamvekedwe ndi mawonekedwe zowombetsa mkota mbali lexical wa kalembedwe sayansi:

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu enieni mu makhalidwe awo, mawu kuwanda umboni mtengo (buku, permeability, kukana, nkhondo stagnation derivation, zolemba, etc.).

2. Mawu a zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku kutenga pa nkhani ya ntchito terminological sayansi kapena mtengo zowombetsa mkota. Zimenezi zikugwira Mwachitsanzo, mawu luso: zowalamulira koyilo, etc. chubu.

3. tanthauzo lenileni mu malemba sayansi kubala mawu, koma chiwerengero chawo si ofanana mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. mawu tikuuzidwa mu makope ena mfundo, zolondola ndiponso zomveka tanthauzo la zomwe - chikhalidwe zofunika kwa mutu akatswiri olembedwa (ethnogenesis, jini sine yoweyula).

4. ntchito za kalembedwe sayansi amakhala ndi achidule ndi mawu slozhnosokraschennye: kusindikiza nyumba, GOST, Gosplan, miliyoni, mabungwe kafukufuku.

mbali zinenero kalembedwe sayansi, makamaka m'dera la mawu lathu zinchito ndi: zowombetsa mkota umboni chikhalidwe cha chuma, malingaliro zolinga ndi mfundo za wolemba, yolondola mfundo iliyonse m'nkhaniyo.

mbali Language: kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe

mbali Morphological wa kalembedwe sayansi:

1. Pa mlingo kalembedwe ntchito njira zina mawu ndi mawu, ndi kumanga mwatsatanetsatane kuti alenge abstraction a m'lemba sayansi: limanena kuti ... zikuoneka kuti ..., etc.

2. kasewenzetsedwe ka mau pa nkhani ya malemba sayansi tatenga kutanthauza zosasinthika, zowombetsa mkota. Komanso advantageously ntchito mitundu ya nthawi ino ndi m'mbuyomu. kusinthana awo alibe angagwirizanitse aliyense "zithunzi" kapena mphamvu ya nkhani M'malo mwake - zimasonyeza kuti chitsanzo anafotokoza chodabwitsa: zolemba mlembi, mfundo ...; Imathandiza kuti cholinga cha kuthetsa mavuto, etc.

3. osakhala kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mawonekedwe ungwiro (pafupifupi 80%) amadziwikanso Ufumuyo lemba sayansi zowombetsa mkota phindu. Mu imathamanga khola ntchito kasewenzetsedwe ka mau perfective: kuyang'ana ...; amasonyeza zitsanzo etc. Ntchito ngati njira yosatha zake ndi chabe ndi zowawa za udindo kapena mokakamiza: makhalidwe anatchula ...; ayenera kutha ...; sitiyenera kuiwala za ...

4. chabe ntchito mtengo wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau reflexive: kuti ayesedwe ...; ... anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane; mavuto ankaona ndi ena. amenewa mneni mitundu n'zotheka kuganizira za ndondomeko, dongosolo la njira ya. Mtengo chomwecho pa lalifupi participles chabe: D EFINITIONS anapatsa ...; mlingo akhoza comprehended etc.

5. kulankhula sayansi komanso ntchito adjectives yochepa monga: maganizo ndi zina.

6. Mbali ankaikira kulankhula sayansi ndi puronauni ife, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa ine. Njira imeneyi umabala mikhalidwe ngati wolemba kudzichepetsa, Kudziwa, generality: Mu njira ya kafukufuku, ife anazindikira ... (m'malo: ndabwera kunena ...).

mbali Language: malembedwe

mbali zinenero kalembedwe sayansi mawu kugwirizana malembedwe wapezeka kulankhula ndi njira yeniyeni ya malingaliro a sayansi kuti: kamangidwe, ntchito m'bukuli salowerera ndi wamba. Ambiri chabwino ndi phwando syntactic psinjika, psinjika ikuchitika pamene kuchuluka kwa malemba pamene kuwonjezeka zambiri wokhutira ndi lingaliro la chidzalo. Izi zachitika ntchito yomanga wapadera wa mawu ndi ziganizo.

mbali Syntactic wa kalembedwe sayansi:

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito attributive mawu "nauni + nauni zinachitikira genitive": kagayidwe, ndi liquidity wa unit ndalama kwa dismantling a, etc.

2. Matanthauzo anasonyeza adjective, ntchito mawu akuti: unconditioned reflex, chilemba olimba, etc. review mbiri.

3. Kalembedwe sayansi (matanthauzo, mikangano, maganizo) amakhala ndi gulu mwadzina mkhalidwe ndi nauni, kawirikawiri ndi adatchithisira mneni mitsempha: kuzindikira - ndi ndondomeko zofunika chidziwitso ...; Zolakwika ku implementations muyezo wa chinenero - imodzi mwa mbali chidwi kwambiri pa mawu mwanayo. Chinanso "chilinganizo mkhalidwe" ndi pawiri ndi yochepa mwadzina mkhalidwe participle: angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

4. Adverbs monga zilili kutumikira makhalidwe zapamwamba kapena katundu wa ankafufuza chodabwitsa: kwambiri, chidwi, wotsimikizika, m'njira yatsopano; onsewa ndi zochitika zina zalembedwa bwino m'mabuku a mbiri yakale ....

5. Kapangidwe syntactic Mawuwo kufotokoza zili cilamulo, kotero mfundo kulemba maphunziro ndi complets kupereka mtundu Nkhani ndi wogwirizana kugwirizana pakati pa mbali yake, ndale mu mawu a kalembedwe lexical zili ndi dongosolo normative mawu: Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zoopsychologists yaitali, zovuta ndi anayesayesa kuphunzitsa ndi zapamwamba kwambiri yotha (chimpanzi) chinenero phokoso. Pakati pa zovuta kapangidwe ka ziganizo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi munthu wamng'ono chimodzi: pakati pa nzeru ndi chinenero chofunika wapakatikati kulankhula dongosolo wotchedwa maziko zinchito wa kulankhula.

6. Ntchito ya ziganizo interrogative - kuti Atchule chuma chimenecho, kufotokoza maganizo ndi malingaliro: Mwina nyani amatha chinenero chamanja?

7. lakutali, mwadala chabe otaya mudziwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ziganizo chabe: kuti udindo Mitundu ofanana monga bwenzi (Lapamtima nkhani, kulongolola, etc..) ... Choncho kugogomeza amafunitsitsa kukhala ndi cholinga wapolisiyo, likuimira ndi zowombetsa mkota asayansi .

8. Kuti athe ubale causal pakati pa zochitika, m'chilankhulo sayansi ntchito ziganizo zovuta ndi kugwirizana coordinative ndi subordinating wamphumphu. Nthawi zambiri pali zolumikizira zovuta. Chifukwa chakuti, ngakhale kuti, chifukwa chakuti, chifukwa, pamene, pamene, pamene, etc. Ponseponse ziganizo zovuta ndi Adventitious izjasnitelnyh, attributive osiyanasiyana, zinthu, nthawi pofufuza.

zikutanthauza kulankhulana lemba sayansi

Scientific kalembedwe mbali ziri ntchito zenizeni za chuma chinenero, amadalira osati pa chimango zolimbana mwa chinenero, komanso pa malamulo maganizo.

Choncho, m'pomveka kufotokoza maganizo awo, wofufuza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mbali morphological wa kalembedwe sayansi ndi mwayi syntactical yolumikizana mbali payekha mawu ake. Cholinga ichi chinali ndi zosiyanasiyana zomangamanga syntactic, ziganizo zovuta ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "mawu tatifupi", limamveketsa mtsikana, mwa mawu participle kutchulidwa mawu ndi ena.

Nawa akuluakulu:

• Poyerekeza zodabwitsa chilichonse (monga ... monga ...);
• ntchito polumikiza ziganizo okhala ndi nkhani zowonjezera za tikuwuzidwa mu gawo lalikulu;
• wapakamwa participle mawu muli zina zambiri sayansi;
• mawu koyambirira ndipo mawu, zomangamanga onyenga ntchito kulankhulana pakati pa mayunitsi zamalankhulidwe mkati chiweruzo limodzi ndi ndime cm;
• "Mawu tatifupi" (mwachitsanzo, mwa njira yotero, choncho pakali pano, pomaliza, mwa kulankhula kwina, monga taonera) ntchito kukhazikitsa kugwirizana zomveka pakati pa mbali zosiyana za lemba;
• yunifolomu ya chiganizo koyenera kuti kusintha mfundo nawatsimikizira ofanana;
• kawirikawiri dongosolo stereotyped, kugwirizana ndi conciseness syntactic dongosolo.

Choncho, kalembedwe sayansi, makamaka aya zimene takambiranazi - ndithu dongosolo lokhazikika n'zovuta kusintha. Ngakhale mwayi zochuluka kwa dongosolo sayansi ntchito, amatsatila malamulo a malemba sayansi kuthandiza "kusunga mawonekedwe a."

The chinenero ndi kalembedwe wa sayansi mawu otchuka

Ulaliki wa nkhani za sayansi ndi otchuka mabuku pafupi ndi ndale, obscheliteraturnogo monga wowerenga amapereka mfundo anasankhidwa zinthu zosangalatsa, makombo a zojambulidwa mbiri. Mawonekedwe a ulaliki deta zimenezi ayenera mosavuta sanali akatswiri Choncho, kusankha zinthu, kachitidwe ka umboni ndi zitsanzo, unsembe wa ulaliki wa nkhani, komanso chinenero ndi kalembedwe ntchito zokhudza mabuku ambiri a sayansi ndi otchuka, osiyana ku lemba lenileni sayansi.

Udzakhalire mbali ya otchuka sayansi kalembedwe poyerekeza ndi sayansi, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo:

kalembedwe sayansi	Scientific-otchuka kalembedwe
Woyambitsa ndi owerenga - Amachitanso wodziwa nkhani za watero lapansi.	wolemba amachita monga wowerenga katswiri - monga "layman".
Kuchuluka kwa mawu ambiri sayansi ndi terminology ali ovuta formulations ndi zitsimikizo.	Mawu anafotokoza Kufikika chinenero owerenga ndi zotsatira zikuluzikulu popanda mwatsatanetsatane.
Ndale kalembedwe.	Pano wapakamwa mawu.

kalembedwe Scientific-otchuka kumafuna zambiri ndalama za thupi chiyankhulo cha Amalawi, koma zinthu zochokera apatsa makhalidwe zinchito za ntchito ndalama awa, kulunjika kwa gulu la malemba a ntchito yasayansi

Motero, mbali ya kalembedwe sayansi yeniyeni lexical ndi kalembedwe njira, syntactic chilinganizo chimene lemba amakhala "youma" ndi zolondola, zomveka kwa bwalo yopapatiza akatswiri. kalembedwe Scientific-otchuka amapangitsa nkhani chodabwitsa sayansi mosavuta bwalo onse owerenga kapena omvetsera ( "losavuta kumvetsa"), choncho kutseka pa mlingo wa kukhudzana ndi ntchito za luso ndi kalembedwe journalistic.