Kapangidwe atomu. zimatiyika mphamvu ya maatomu. Mapulotoni, neutrons, ma elekitironi

Dzina "atomu" kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "indivisible". Onse otizungulira - zolimba, zakumwa ndi mpweya - wamangidwa mabiliyoni ambiri particles izi.

Maonekedwe a buku la maatomu

Choyamba maatomu izo zinadziwika mu V m'ma BC, pamene nzeru zapamwamba Greek Democritus adafotokoza nkhani wapangidwa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono ikuyenda. Koma ndiye sikunali kotheka kuti aletse buku la moyo wawo. Ndipo ngakhale palibe munthu anakhoza kuwona particles awa, lingaliro zinkakambidwa, chifukwa njira asayansi akanakhoza kufotokoza njira kunachitika ndi anthu. Choncho, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti kuli wa yaying'ono-particles kale nthawi anatha kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi.

Only m'zaka za m'ma XIX. kusanthula monga iwo anakhala laling'ono constituent mankhwala zinthu ndi katundu yeniyeni maatomu - kuthekera kuti agwirizane ndi mankhwala ena kuchuluka mosamalitsa kutchula. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX kuti ankakhulupirira kuti maatomu - particles osachepera kanthu, silinakwaniritsidwe kutsimikiziridwa kuti linapangidwa mayunitsi ngakhale ang'onoang'ono.

Kodi chinthu mankhwala?

Atomu wa zinthu mankhwala - ndi tosaoneka nyumba chipika pa nkhaniyi. The liwulo khalidwe la microparticles kukhala misa maselo a maatomu. Only atulukira lamulo nthawi ya wololera kuti maganizo awo ndi mitundu Mendeleev Osiyanasiyana zakuthupi wina. Iwo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti iwo sangathe kuona ntchito microscopes ochiritsira okha zipangizo amphamvu kwambiri zamagetsi. Yerekezerani tsitsi la dzanja la munthu ali miliyoni nthawi zazikulu.

Kapangidwe zamagetsi la atomu ali ndi phata wapangidwa mapulotoni neutrons, ndi ma elekitironi, amene chimazungulira pakatikati pa zili m'njira zonse monga mapulaneti mozungulira nyenyezi awo. Iwo onse adamuyesa pamodzi ndi mphamvu atomu, imodzi pamwamba anayi m'chilengedwe chonse. Neutrons - ndi ndale mlandu particles, kuvekedwa ndi mapulotoni zabwino ndi ma elekitironi - negative. Recent chidwi ndi mapulotoni ndithu mlandu, kotero iwo amakonda kukhala mu kanjira.

Kapangidwe ka atomu

Mu chapakati gawo ali ndi pakati gawo chomwe chimadzaza osachepera okwana atomu. Koma kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi lonse misa (99.9%) ili mmenemo. Aliyense atomu lili mapulotoni, neutrons, ma elekitironi. chiwerengero cha Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu ma elekitironi ali wofanana ndi zabwino mlandu chapakati. Particles ndi ofanana mlandu Z phata koma osiyana atomiki misa A Chiwerengero cha neutrons mu phata akuitanidwira N isotopes ndi pa A chomwecho ndi Z osiyana ndi N - isobars. Pakompyuta - osachepera tinthu mankhwala ndi zoipa magetsi mlandu mauthenga = 1.6 × 10-19 coulombs. Ion mlandu Mzimuyo chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi otaika kapena kupeza. Ndondomeko metamorphosis ndale atomu mu ion mlandu amatchedwa ionization.

Baibulo latsopanoli la chitsanzo cha maatomu

Asayansi anatulukira kuti tsiku ndi zina zambiri particles pulayimale. Kapangidwe zamagetsi la atomu ali ndi Baibulo latsopanoli.

Akukhulupirira kuti mapulotoni neutrons, ziribe kanthu momwe yaing'ono akhale, amapangidwa ndi particles zazing'ono, zomwe zimatchedwa - quarks. Oterewa chitsanzo watsopano maatomu. Mwamsanga pamene asayansi kusonkhanitsa umboni kuti kuli chitsanzo m'mbuyomu, ndipo tsopano iwo akuyesera kutsimikizira kuti kuli quarks.

RTM - tsogolo chida

asayansi amakono Tingaone pa kompyuta kuwunika particles atomiki ya nkhani, komanso zingawalimbikitse kudutsa pamwamba ntchito chida wapadera wotchedwa ndi chindodo tunneling maso (RTM).

инструмент с наконечником, который очень осторожно движется возле поверхности материала. Ndi chida kompyuta ndi nsonga zokwawa mosamala kwambiri pafupi pamwamba pa nkhaniyo. Pamene kafukufuku ikuyenda, ma elekitironi adutsa kusiyana pakati pa nsonga ndi pamwamba. Ngakhale zinthu amayang'ana yosalala kwambiri Ndipotu, ndi m'goli pa mlingo atomiki. kompyuta zimapangitsa khadi pamwamba pa chuma, kupanga fano la particles ake, ndi asayansi, choncho angathe kuona katundu wa maatomu.

particles nyukiliya

Moyipa mlandu ayoni ali anatembenuka pakati pa mtunda mokwanira lalikulu. Atomiki dongosolo ngati kuti ndi chinthu ndale alibe mlandu magetsi chifukwa particles onse (mapulotoni, neutrons, ma elekitironi) ali bwino.

The nyukiliya atomu - ndi mfundo mosavuta lamamatira. likulu lake tichipeza mapulotoni ambiri ndi neutrons. yekha ndi chithunzi cha atomu wa hydrogen lomwe lili ndi pulotoni umodzi. phata wazingidwa ndi mtambo wa ma elekitironi, ndi kukopa awo amayamba atembenuza mozungulira pakati. Mapulotoni milandu lomwelo amawateteza mzake.

Izi si vuto kwa particles kwambiri yaing'ono, imene pali zingapo. Koma ena a iwo ndi wosakhazikika, makamaka chachikulu, monga ureniamu, amene ali 92 mapulotoni. Nthawi zina likulu lake sangaime katundu. Nyukiliya, iwo amatchedwa chifukwa chakuti zimatulutsa particles kwambiri ku phata ake. Kamodzi anamasulidwa ku phata osalimba a mapulotoni, otsala amapanga wocheperapo latsopano. Kungakhale khola malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulotoni mu ngale watsopano, ndipo akhoza kugawidwa zina. ndondomeko imeneyi mpaka palibe wolimba mwana phata.

The katundu wa maatomu

Physico-mankhwala katundu wa maatomu mwachibadwa zimasiyana mchitidwe wina ndi mzake. Iwo anafotokozedwa ndi zotsatirazi magawo ofunikira.

Atomiki misa. Popeza zofunika malo microparticles zatenga mapulotoni neutrons, ndiye Uwerenge chiwerengero cha amatsogolera, amene afotokozedwa mu atomiki misa mayunitsi (amu) chilinganizo: A = Z + N.

The atomiki utali wozungulira. utali wozungulira ndi amadalira malo amafotokozera mu dongosolo nthawi ya mankhwala akapolo, ndi mulingo wa maatomu oyandikana ndi kwadzidzidzi kanthu makina. utali wozungulira phata ndi nthawi zikwi zana ang'onoang'ono kuposa utali wozungulira mchitidwe wa. Kapangidwe atomu angasiye ma elekitironi ndi n'kukhala ion zabwino kapena kuwonjezera ma elekitironi ndi kukhala ayoni negative.

Mu tebulo nthawi ya Mendeleev aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala ali malo ake anapatsidwa. Table atomu kukula kumawonjezera pamene kusuntha downwards, ndipo amachepetsa pamene amayenda kumanzere. Otsatirawa pa zimenezi, zinthu zing'onozing'ono - ndi helium, ndi apamwamba - cesium.

Valence. Lakunja elekitironi chipolopolo atomu amatchedwa valence gulu, ndi ma elekitironi mu likutchedwa ankalemekeza - pa valence ma elekitironi. chiwerengero chawo n'chakuti mmene atomu chikugwirizana ndi zina kudzera mankhwala kogwirizana. Njira kulenga microparticles pofuna otsiriza kudzaza valence awo akunja chipolopolo.

Yokoka kukopa - ndi mphamvu woyang'anitsitsa mapulaneti mu kanjira, chifukwa chikalata m'manja mwa zinthu kugwa pansi. Man salinso amaona yokoka, koma zotsatira mu atomu nthawi zambiri zamphamvu zambiri. Mphamvu kuti amakopeka (kapena sichisangalatsa) particles mlandu maatomu, 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 nthawi wamphamvu kuposa yokoka mu izo. Koma pakati pa pakati, pali mphamvu angathe atagwira mapulotoni neutrons pamodzi.

Zimene mu mtima kulenga mphamvu mu riyakitala nyukiliya, kumene maatomu ndi lamamatira. Ikakhala yolemera amafotokozera, ndi mulingo wamkulu wa particles anamanga maatomu ake. Ngati inu kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mapulotoni neutrons mbali ndi timawerenganso sikelo yake. Mwachitsanzo, ureniamu, amafotokozera yakula alipo mu chikhalidwe, ali ndi kulemera atomiki a 235 kapena 238.

Fission la atomu ku misinkhu

Kuchuluka mphamvu ya maatomu - ndi kuchuluka kwa danga padziko pachimake, kumene elekitironi akutero. Okwana pali 7 orbitals lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha nthawi mu tebulo nthawi. Zakutali kwambiri malo a elekitironi ku phata, ndi nkhokwe zofunika kwambiri mphamvu zikupereka. Nthawi, chiwerengero chikusonyeza chiwerengero cha orbitals atomiki padziko phata ake. Mwachitsanzo, potaziyamu - mchitidwe 4 nyengo, ndiye ali ndi milingo 4 atomu mphamvu. Number mankhwala mchitidwe limafanana ndi mlandu wake ndipo chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi padziko phata la.

Atomu - gwero mphamvu

Mwina wotchuka kwambiri chilinganizo sayansi anatulukira ndi German sayansi Einstein. Iye ananena kuti misa sichina koma mawonekedwe a mphamvu. Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi, n'zotheka kutembenukira kanthu mu mphamvu, ndi masamu mfundo ngati angathe kutenga. Woyamba othandiza chifukwa cha kutembenuka oterewa mabomba a atomiki amene poyamba anayesedwa m'chipululu Los Alamos (USA), ndipo kenako kuphulitsa pa mizinda Japanese. Ndipo ngakhale chabe chiwiri wa zachiwawa ndi n'kukhala mphamvu zowononga mphamvu ya bomba la atomiki Chinali choopsya.

Kuti pachimake anamasulidwa mphamvu yake, izo ziyenera kuwonongeka. Kuti ankachitsegula icho, m'pofunika kuchita kunja nyutironi lapansi. Ndiye phata limawola n'kusanduka mu ena awiri, kuwalira, kupereka yaikulu kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu. Kugwa kumabweretsa amasulidwe neutrons ena, ndipo akupitirizabe unagawanika mtima ena. ndondomeko ndi n'kukhala ndi unyolo anachita, chifukwa mu kupanga ndalama yaikulu mphamvu.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa ntchito anachita nyukiliya mu nthawi yathu

Zowononga mphamvu, amene anamasulidwa mu kusintha kwa nkhaniyi, anthu akhala akuyesa zikhale nyukiliya zomera mphamvu. Kodi zimene nyukiliya inachitika mu mawonekedwe a kuphulika, koma monga pang'onopang'ono kutentha imfa.

mphamvu za nyukiliya ali ubwino wake ndi kuipa. Malinga ndi asayansi, kuti asunge chitukuko chathu pa mlingo mkulu, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito gwero lalikulu la mphamvu. Koma kumbukirani chakuti ngakhale chitukuko zambiri zamakono kungapangitse kuti chitetezo chokwanira cha zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Analandiranso kupanga mphamvu za nyukiliya zinyalala pansi yosungirako zosayenera zingakhudze ana athu kwa zikwizikwi zaka.

Pambuyo anthu Chernobyl ngozi zambiri ndi yopanga mphamvu za nyukiliya zoopsa kwambiri anthu. Otetezeka mbewu za mtundu uwu ndi dzuwa ndi yaikulu mphamvu mphamvu nyukiliya. Asayansi osauka zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za mabatire dzuwa, ndipo mwina posachedwapa, anthu adzakhala kupezera okha ndi mphamvu otetezeka nyukiliya.