Kapangidwe ndi katundu zinthu zachilengedwe. topezeka

Onse zosiyanasiyana zamoyo padziko lathuli ndi inextricably zogwirizana. Palibe cholengedwa amenewa, amene akhoza kukhalapo mu kudzipatula kwa onse mosamalitsa payekha. Komabe, osati zamoyo umafananirako koma Mfundo kunja ndi mkati chilengedwe bwanji biome lonse. Pamodzi zovuta chikhalidwe lonse organic ndi zochita kupanga muli zinthu kapangidwe ndi katundu wawo. Kodi mtundu wa lingaliro, kodi magawo yodziwika, yesetsani kumvetsa nkhaniyo.

Lingaliro zinthu zachilengedwe

Kodi zamoyo? Kuyambira mfundo chilengedwe view, ndi okwana umoyo anzake a mitundu yonse ya zamoyo, kaya kalasi ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, onse biotic ndi abiotic.

Topezeka katundu anafotokoza ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Kutchula koyamba akuti anaonekera mu 1935. A. Arthur Tansley adafotokoza ntchito pofotokoza "kuipidwa wopangidwa osati za thupi, komanso malo awo." Palokha, lingaliro ili yaikulu kwambiri, ndi yaikulu zachilengedwe wagawo, komanso zofunika. dzina lina - biogeocoenosis, ngakhale kusiyanitsa mfundo izi nawobe pang'ono.

Chuma chachikulu zinthu zachilengedwe ndi anzake mosalekeza mwa iwo organic ndi zochita kupanga kanthu, mphamvu, kutentha kusokonekera, kusamuka kwa zinthu, ophatikizana kanthu kwa zamoyo pa wina ndi mzake. Okwana pali zingapo zofunika khalidwe makhalidwe amene ayitanidwa katundu.

The katundu zofunika zinthu zachilengedwe

Ofunika kwambiri a iwo akhoza kugawidwa zitatu:

• kudziletsa lamulo;
• mutendele;
• kudziletsa kubalana;
• kusintha wina ndi mzake;
• wokhulupirika;
• emergent katundu.

Pa funso la chimene chiri chuma zofunika zinthu zachilengedwe mu njira zosiyana kuyankhidwa. Onsewo ali ofunika, izo zokha pamaso pawo ophatikizana amalola lingaliro ili kulibe. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane lililonse khalidwe khalidwe kumvetsa kufunika ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lalikulu.

Self-lamulo zinthu zachilengedwe

Izi ndi mbali yaikulu ya topezeka kudera, kutanthauza kudzimvera kasamalidwe mu moyo wa aliyense biogeocoenose. Ndiye kuti, ndi gulu la zamoyo, amene ali paubwenzi ndi zina zamoyo, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kumakhudza mwachindunji pa dongosolo lonse wonse. Ndi luso lawo moyo zingakhudze bata ndi topezeka kudziletsa malamulo.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikukamba za zolusa, iwo kudya herbivores wina mitundu ndendende bola ngati chiwerengero chawo yafupika. Kenako mabasi kudya, ndi chilombo masiwichi ndi osiyana mphamvu zoyendetsera (kutanthauza kuti mtundu wa zolengedwa mbewu kudya). Choncho zikuoneka kuti mitundu si inawonongedwa, imangokhala basi kubwezeretsa chiwerengero chofunika zizindikiro.

Mkati topezeka sangathe zimachitika mwachibadwa chifukwa cha kutha kwa kudya anthu ena. Izi ndi kudzikonda lamulo. Ie nyama, zomera, bowa, tizilombo matanthauzo kuwunika wina ndi mzake, ngakhale kuti iwo ndi chakudya.

Komanso, kudziletsa lamulo - ndi m'chilengedwe chachikulu pa chuma ndi chifukwa kudzera sikutha ankalamulira yowatembenuza osiyanasiyana mphamvu. Mankwala zinthu, organic mankhwala, magulu - yonse inali mu ubwenzi ndi makope ambiri. Zomera dzuwa mphamvu mwachindunji, nyama kudya zomera, akatembenuka kuti mphamvu mu nsinga mankhwala akadzafa kachiwiri tizilombo kuwola ndinso kwa zochita kupanga. ndondomeko ndi mosalekeza ndi cyclical, popanda akunja kulowelera wotchedwa kudziletsa lamulo.

kukhazikika

Pali zina mwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Self-lamulo ndi yogwirizana zisathe. Zingati adzakhala limodzi kapena topezeka wina, mmene anakhalabe, ndipo ngati pali kusintha zina, zimadalira zifukwa zingapo.

Ndithu zisathe ndi chimodzi, imene palibe kulowelera pa gawo la munthu. Izo zonse stably mkulu chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse ya zamoyo, palibe kusintha kumachitika mchikakamizo cha mmene chilengedwe kapena zonyozeka. Mfundo topezeka aliyense akhoza kukhala m'khola.

Zimaipitsa chikhalidwe ichi Ngati munthu alowererepo wake ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo anakhazikitsa (kudula mitengo, kupha nyama kuwononga tizilombo, etc). Komanso, chikhalidwe kwambiri zingakhudze bata, ngati nyengo kusintha kwambiri, osalola zamoyo nthawi kuti azolowere. Mwachitsanzo, masoka achilengedwe, kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi zina zotero.

Kwakukulu zosiyanasiyana mitundu, ndi sadzakhalakonso topezeka. katundu topezeka - kukaniza ndi kudzikonda lamulo - ndi maziko onse amasunga chiphunzitso ichi. Pali mawu amene mwachidule makhalidwe awa - homeostasis. Ndiko kuti, ntchito yokonza zonse mu zonse - zosiyanasiyana mitundu, kukula, mkati ndi zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, Titafika pamalo topezeka osatetezeka kwambiri mosinthana kuposa Nkhalango. Ndithudi, yosiyanasiyana awo majini a moyo si wamkulu monga izo zikutanthauza. ndi mlingo adzapulumuke ndi inachepetseratu.

Samovosproizvodimost

Ngati mukuganiza bwino pa funso la chimene ali m'chilengedwe chachikulu pa chuma, izo Ndizachidziwikire kuti chikhalidwe samovosproizvodimost osati zochepa zofunika pa moyo wawo. Ndipotu popanda kusewera zonse zigawo zikuluzikulu monga:

• zamoyo;
• nthaka zikuchokera;
• madzi momveka;
• mpweya chigawo cha mpweya ndi zina zotero.

N'zovuta kulankhula za polojekiti ndiponso kudziletsa lamulo. Pakuti yemweyo, kuti zotsalira zazomera nthawi zonse timabadwanso ndi chiwerengero anali anakhalabe, n'kofunika kuti pali chakudya chokwanira, madzi ndi zinthu zokwanira za moyo. Mkati topezeka iliyonse pali aloŵe m'malo a anthu achikulire odwala wamng'ono wathanzi, wamphamvu ndi Hardy. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe zachilendo kwa kuli aliyense wa iwo. Izi zimatheka ngati samovosproizvodimosti yake.

Chiwonetsero cha katundu wa topezeka a mtundu uwu - Chofunika kwambiri ndi kusamala za alleles majini a mtundu uliwonse. Apo ayi, lonse genera ndi phyla, makalasi ndi mabanja a zamoyo zagonjetsedwa kutha popanda kuchira wotsatira.

motsatizana

Chinanso chofunika katundu zinthu zachilengedwe - kusintha zimadalirana. Zimenezi amatchedwa motsatizana. Iye anabwera mchikakamizo cha kusintha zinthu zina abiotic ndipo amatenga zaka zingapo ambiri. Akamanena za zodabwitsazi - ndi yotsatana m'malo a topezeka wina ndi mzake mchikakamizo cha zinthu mkati akuwuka pakati pa zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe kunja kwa nthawi yaitali.

Ndi chifukwa chachikulu kutsatizana ndi zochita za anthu. Motero, nkhalango anagwetsa meadows ndi zithaphwi, nyanja mu zipululu kapena meadows, minda inamera mitengo ndi woodland anapanga. Mwachibadwa, ndi zinyama izi akukumananso kusintha kwakukulu.

nthawi yaitali bwanji motsatizana zidzachitika? Chimodzimodzi kufika kumene anapanga kwambiri yabwino ndi ndinazolowera zikhalidwe yeniyeni biogeocoenosis. Mwachitsanzo, nkhalango coniferous ya Far East (nayonso) - uyu ndi okhazikika bwino muzu biocenosis zambiri sadzasintha kwambiri. Inakhalapo zaka zambiri, pa nthawi imene palibe kusintha mu topezeka kudera.

katundu emergent

katundu izi topezeka kumene akutulukira, latsopano ndi akhala mbali khalidwe amene amapezeka zimadalirana. Yak chifukwa cha ntchito Integrated onse kapena ena a dongosolo wamba.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndi gulu m'nyanja, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha zimene zimachitika pakati pa coelenterates ndi algae. Ngale - ndiwo ndalama yaikulu zotsalira zazomera, zinthu, mankhwala amene ali patsogolo pawo mu dera lino kulibe.

topezeka

Katundu ndi ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe ali pa ubwenzi pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Mwachitsanzo, chuma monga kukhulupirika, zikutanthauza zimachitika nthawi zonse pakati pa ophunzira onse. Kuphatikizapo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. A ndi imodzi mwa ntchito monga ogwirizana kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu mu mzake, zomwe zingatheke ngati kufalitsa mkati pakati pa mbali zonse lizigwira anthu biocenoses okha ndi mzake.

Ambiri, udindo zinthu zachilengedwe anatsimikiza ndi mitundu ya ankachita kuti alipo mwa iwo. biogeocoenosis aliyense azipereka ena kwachilengedwenso amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni kukula chifukwa cha moyo wawo. Ichi chidzakhala imodzi mwa ntchito. Growth zimadalira kuwaphatikiza zinthu zamoyo ndi zopanda moyo, ndi zingasiyane malire lonse. Choncho, amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni ndi wamkulu kwambiri m'madera ndi chinyezi mkulu ndi kuyatsa bwino. Choncho, phindu lake adzakhala yokulirapo poyerekeza wa Mwachitsanzo, mu chipululu.

Wina ntchito ya topezeka kudera - transformational. Amatanthauza kusintha mbali mu mphamvu, kusandutsa mu njira zosiyanasiyana mwa zochita za zamoyo.

kapangidwe

Kapangidwe ndi katundu zinthu zachilengedwe ndi dongosolo lawo zotsimikizika. ndi kapangidwe ka biogeocoenosis chiyani? N'zoonekeratu kuti amaphatikizapo maulalo onse waukulu (onse amoyo ndi abiotic). N'kofunikanso kuti dongosolo lonse ndi mkombero chatsekedwa, amene kachiwiri chinatsimikizira katundu zofunika zinthu zachilengedwe.

Pali zikuluzikulu ziwiri zazikulu kugwirizana biogeocoenose iliyonse.

1. Ecotop - mndandanda wa zinthu abiotic. Nayenso ukufanizidwa ndi:

• klimatopom (m'mlengalenga, chinyezi, kuwala);
• edafotop (nthaka compactor chigawo).

2. Biocoenosis - mndandanda wa mitundu yonse ya zamoyo topezeka kudera limenelo. Pamafunikanso limasonyeza zitatu:

• zoocenoses - nyama zonse;
• phytocoenosis - zamoyo zonse mbewu;
• microbiocenosis - nthumwi zonse bakiteriya.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe pamwamba n'zoonekeratu kuti maulalo onse sitingalephere cholukanalukana ndi kupanga maukonde limodzi. ubwenzi kumaonekera makamaka mayamwidwe ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu. M'mawu ena, mu unyolo chakudya ndi kulumikiza mkati ndi pakati pa anthu.

A dongosolo yofanana akufuna biogeocoenose V. N. Sukachevym mu 1940 ndipo adakali othandizanso.

topezeka okhwima

Age osiyana biogeocenosis siyana amasiyana. Mwachibadwa, mbali khalidwe la topezeka wamng'ono ndi okhwima ayenera kukhala osiyana. Ndipo zikuchitikadi.

okhwima topezeka Mbali tingawadziwe bwanji izo kwa zimakhalanso posachedwapa-anapanga? Ochepa amenewa, kuyang'ana pa zonse:

1. Mitundu aliyense anthu anapanga, ndi khola ndipo ali m'malo (osamukira) ena.
2. The zosiyanasiyana mitundu nthaŵi kusintha salinso.
3. dera onse momasuka kudziletsa chilangizo, pali digiri yapamwamba ya homeostasis.
4. Bungwe kwathunthu ndinazolowera momwe zachilengedwe ziriri, coexistence ecotope biocenosis ndi omasuka kwambiri.

Aliyense topezeka adzamva motsatizana malinga si anakhazikitsa pachimake - lapansi ambiri okhazikika ndi cholandirika mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izo zinali ndiye biogeocoenosis yosintha mu gulu okhwima.

magulu a zamoyo mkati biogeocoenose

N'zoona kuti anthu onse okhala mkati topezeka limodzi umanena pamodzi. Komabe, iwonso amadza akulu, ndi pa nthaka zikuchokera, mpweya, madzi - zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse abiotic.

Iwo anaganiza kuonetsetsa magulu angapo a zamoyo ndi luso kuyamwa ndi kusintha mphamvu pakati pa biogeocoenose.

1. Opanga - amene kubala organic zikuluzikulu zochita kupanga. Izi zomera wobiriwira ndi ena mabakiteriya. mode awo mphamvu mayamwidwe - autotrophic, iwo mwachindunji kuyamwa cheza dzuwa.
2. Consuments kapena biofagi - amene zimawononga organic okonzeka kudya zamoyo. Izi nyama zimene zimadya, tizilombo, ena zomera. Izi zikuphatikizapo herbivores ndi owayimilira.
3. Saprotrophs - zamoyo amatha decomposing organic motere wonyeketsa zakudya. Ndiko kuti, chakudya pa zotsalira akufa kwa zomera ndi zinyama.

Mwachionekere, mamembala onse a dongosolo lino ali mu vuto lina modalirana. Popanda zomera sadzatha kupeza herbivores chakudya ndi ogwirira adzafa popanda iwo. Saprophagous unprocessed pawiri ndi anachira kuchuluka kwa mankhwala zogwirizana zochita kupanga. maubwenzi amenewa Tonsefe tayitanidwa unyolo chakudya. M'madera zikuluzikulu unyolo akusuntha mu maukonde, anapanga piramidi. Kuphunzira nkhani zokhudzana ndi ankachita trophic, zikuchita ndi sayansi ndi zachilengedwe.

Udindo wa munthu pa yaikulu m'chilengedwe

Izi zinali nkhani zambirimbiri lero. Pomaliza, anazindikira kuchuluka kuwonongeka, amene pa zaka 200 lomaliza anachitira iwo zamoyo. Inasanduka zotsatira zoonekeratu khalidwe: asidi mvula, zotsatira kutentha, kutentha kwa dziko, kuchepetsa katundu madzi, nthaka oskudnenie, kuchepetsa nkhalango ndi zina zotero. Mukhoza umasinthasintha pomanena vuto, chifukwa iwo anapeza akonzedwa yaikulu.

Zonsezi ndi kwambiri ntchito yomwe ndi masewero alipobe anthu topezeka kudera limenelo. Chachikulu mizinda, mafakitale, zaumisiri, chitukuko malo ndi zochitika zina anthu osati zimalambira Vuto la dziko la chikhalidwe zopanda moyo, komanso kuchepetsa chiwerengero ndi kutha kwa zotsalira zazomera lathuli.

topezeka aliyense ayenera kutetezedwa ndi munthu, makamaka masiku ano. Choncho, ntchito aliyense wa ife - kuti adzalipereka thandizo. Simufunikanso zambiri - pa mlingo boma amakonzedwa njira ya chitetezo cha chibadwa, anthu wamba ayenera kutsatira malamulo ndipo amayesa kusunga topezeka kudera bwinobwino, popanda kulowa zikuchokera awo yambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu.