Ndi nthano map chiyani? Mitundu ya zizindikiro ochiritsira mapu

Bakuman - si nthano zopeka za zinazake kapena munthu. Pali mawu tanthauzo lina. M'nkhani ino tikambirana chiyani nthano pa mapu madera. Kodi izo ndi zimene zikufunika?

ndi nthano zimene mapu?

Map - izi ndi maziko madera. Popanda, n'kovuta kwambiri kuganiza kuti sayansi ambiri. Khadi ndi chimodzi mwa zida zikuluzikulu za kafukufuku linalake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ndi wokamba kawirikawiri ndiponso omveka bwino a ntchito asayansi ndi geographers.

Maps, komanso buku lililonse, m'pofunika kudziwa mmene kuwerenga. Ndipo ngati mabuku olembedwa ndi thandizo la makalata, mawu ndi ziganizo, ndiye khadi alinso zenizeni zake "chinenero". Kodi Akuoneka? Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, ife basi kuthana ndi mfundo zimenezi mapu nthano.

Bakuman (Engl:. Mapu nthano) - uyu ndi mndandanda wa zizindikiro zonse zimene anagwiritsa ntchito pokonza khadi enieni, mafotokozedwe lemba la matanthauzo ake. Pamatenga mawonekedwe a tebulo kapena mndandanda yosavuta.

khadi Bakuman aikidwa mu danga ufulu wa pepalalo, nthawi zambiri - mbali yake m'munsi kapena mu ngodya. Mu atlases zovuta Hrs angapezeke pa tsamba munthu kabuku (pachiyambi kapena kumapeto). Monga ulamuliro, mu nthano zizindikiro zonse yagawidwa. Ie payokha mwachindunji mayina matupi hydrological (mitsinje, m'madambo mchere), midzi, zomera, zikutanthauza kulankhulana, ndi zina zotero. D.

Tsopano zikuonekeratu kuti zimenezi nthano mapu. Mwina si superfluous choti mutidziwe ndi mitundu ikuluikulu ya zizindikiro mapu.

Mitundu ya zizindikiro mapu

Zizindikiro kuti ntchito kujambula mapu kwambiri. Komabe, iwo anawagawa m'magulu zinayi zikuluzikulu:

• Scale (kapena polygonal mizere) - amene tingasonyezere lonse mapu (mwachitsanzo nkhalango, munda, m'dera zogona kwa mzinda).
• Scaleless (mfundo) - amatchula zinthu zimene sangathe zili lonse mapu (mwachitsanzo wanga fakitale, mpingo).
• Liniya - zizindikiro, mwa njira imene mapu amasonyeza kuti zinthu yaitali (misewu, mayiko, mphamvu mizere, etc ...).
• Zizindikiro ofotokozera - ndi mitundu yonse ya zigawo, zilembo, yomwe zina khalidwe zinthu zina zojambulidwa m'deralo.

Kotero, tsopano inu mukudziwa zimene mapu nthano. Ndi inu mukhoza "werengani" mapu Hrs ndi kuchotsa kwa izo zambiri zothandiza ndi chidwi za m'dera makamaka. Koma izi, ndithudi, muyenera kudziwa zizindikiro zonse ntchito zimachititsa chilumbachi ano.