Kapolo amati: maphunziro, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe

The bungwe la kapolo maziko a chuma cha kale kalekale. ntchito yokakamiza akutulutsa phindu kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Egypt, mzinda wa Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome - ukapolo unali mbali ya chitukuko onsewa. Kumayambiriro kwa kale Zapakati m'malo mwake anapita feudalism.

mapangidwe

Mbiri yakale, kuti boma Kapolo anali yoyamba boma, anapanga pambuyo kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo wosazindikira limodzi. Society unagawidwa makalasi, pali olemera ndi osauka. Chifukwa cha nkhondo, ndi bungwe la ukapolo anauka. Izo zinali zochokera ukaidi pa mbuye ndi chinali maziko a ndiye boma.

Woyamba limati kapolo adanyamuka kumayambiriro kwa wachinayi - lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. Zikuphatikizapo Ufumu Aigupto, Asuri, komanso mudzi wa Sumerians m'chigwa cha mtsinje wa Firate ndi Tigirisi. Lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, formations ngati inakhazikitsidwa ku China ndi India. Pomaliza, woyamba limati kapolo m'gulu, ndipo ufumu wa Ahiti.

Mitundu ndi mitundu

olemba mbiri amakono kugawa wakale limati ukapolo mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu. Yoyamba zikuphatikizapo kum'maŵa despotism. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa iwo anali kusunga ena mwa mbali yakale wa dera achikale. Usanakhalepo ukapolo kunali kovuta - mtumiki analola kuti banja ndi chuma chake. Mu ina imati zosowa zakale, mbali wasoŵa. Kuwonjezera umwini patokha akapolo, panali ukapolo gulu, pamene akapolo inali kapena kachisi.

ntchito anthu ntchito makamaka mu ulimi. despotism Oriental aumbike mwa zigwa za mitsinje, koma ngakhale zili choncho, iwo anali kusintha ulimi pomanga machitidwe zovuta ulimi wothirira. Mogwirizana ndi akapolo ntchito mu timu. Ndi mbali kum'maŵa despotism chikugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa madera ndiye ulimi.

Kenako wakale slaveholding limati anapanga mtundu wachiwiri wa mayiko - Agiriki ndi Aroma. Iye anali wolemekezeka mozamirapo kupanga ndi kukana kwathunthu zotsala achikale. mitundu otukuka yokumba, ndi yimitsira ankhanza a misa ndi kuwachitira nkhanza wafika pachimake. umwini gulu anasintha chuma payekha eni kapolo. Zinali lakuthwa lochitira chikhalidwe ndi ulamuliro ndi chilungamo zosiyana makalasi.

Agiriki ndi Aroma kapolo boma kulibe mogwirizana ndi mfundo imene akapolo anavomereza zinthu komanso alimi a chuma eni. Iwo sanagulitse ntchito yawo, iwo anagulitsidwa kwa mabwana awo. zikalata zakale ndiponso zosemasema momveka bwino umboni boma la zochitika. Kapolo mtundu wa boma adati tsogolo la kapolo kufunika ndi tsogolo la nyama kapena katundu.

Anthu anakhala akapolo zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mu Roma, akapolo anayesedwa akaidi a nkhondo ndi anthu wamba analanda mmisonkhano. Komanso, anthu adzautaya ngati sakanatha kulipira ngongoleyo ndi borrowers. Makamaka wamba zimenezi mu India. Pomaliza, boma kapolo akanakhoza kupanga kapolo wa wolakwayo.

Akapolo ndi theka-free

Exploiters ndi kupondereza anali maziko a anthu akale. Koma kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndi makalasi lachitatu chipani ndi theka ufulu ndi ufulu nzika. Ku Babulo, China ndi India, awa anali amisiri ndi anthu wamba-mfulu kudzanso. Mu Athens, panali gulu la metics - anakakhala ku dziko la alendo Ahelene. Komanso iwo anali lili pa nambala mtima chifuniro cha akapolo. Mofananamo zinali kalasi Peregrino, analipo mu Ufumu wa Roma. Otchedwa amuna popanda nzika ya Roma. gulu lina osokoneza wa anthu Roma amawerengedwa madera - wamba amene Ufumuyo malo anausiya ndi zinthu zambiri anafanana angongole wamba a nthawi akale feudalism.

Kaya mawonekedwe a boma kapolo, smallholders ndi amisiri moyo pangozi zonse wobwereketsayo bwinja nzika lalikulu. Free antchito anali opanda pake kwa mabwana, monga ntchito yawo anakhalabe mtengo kwambiri poyerekeza ndi olimbika kapolo. Ngati wamba pansi, posapita nthawi iwo chibatizidwireni lumpen, makamaka zikuluzikulu mu Atene ndi Roma.

Kapolo boma la inertia kuletsedwa ndi kungapondereze ufulu wawo ndi ufulu wonse wa akapolo. Choncho, mizati ndi Peregrines musalekane pa zotsatira zonse za malamulo a Aroma. Alimi akanatha kukagulitsa, pamodzi ndi malo umene anali Ufumuyo. Osati kukhala akapolo, iwo akhoza kukhala ndi ufulu.

ntchito

Kumasulira kwathunthu a boma kapolo simungakhoze kuchita popanda kutchulidwa ntchito zake mkati ndi kunja. Ntchito za mphamvu kudziwa zili chikhalidwe chake, zolinga, zolinga ndi kufuna kusungabe dongosolo akale. Chilengedwe cha zinthu zonse zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito yakalavula gaga ndi kuwononga anthu aufulu - choyambirira zimachitika kuti achite boma kapolo. Mayiko ndi kachitidwe chotero chipangizo osiyana kukumana zofuna za lalikulu kwa magulu apamwamba, mumzinda waukulu, ndi zina zotero. D.

Makamaka bwino mfundo imeneyi zinaonetsera Egypt. Mu ufumu kum'mawa mphamvu kwathunthu ankalamulira chuma ndi bungwe ntchito onse, kodi misa lalikulu la anthu ankagwira. Ntchito imeneyi ndi "ntchito yomanga m'ma" anali koyenera kuti yomanga ngalande zomangamanga zina, kusintha mphamvu pa akumane zinthu zachilengedwe munda.

Monga dongosolo ina ya boma, dongosolo kapolo sipangakhalenso popanda kuonetsetsa chitetezo chake. Choncho, mphamvu ya mayiko amenewa ankachita zonse kupondereza Zionetsero akapolo ndi ena onse misa oponderezedwa. chitetezo ili m'gulu kuteteza chuma payekha kapolo. Kufunika kwake kunali kumeneko. Mwachitsanzo, ku Roma, m'munsi strata a kugalukira anatenga malo nthawi zonse, ndi kupanduka kwa Spartacus mu zaka 74-71. BC. e. ndipo onse anakhala lodziwika bwino.

zida yimitsira

Mtundu kapolo boma nthawi zonse ntchito zida monga makhoti, asilikali ndi m'ndende chifukwa kupondereza motsutsa chosakhutitsidwa. Mu Sparta, izo anatengera mchitidwe nthawi chionetsero zopha anthu ambirimbiri a anthu amene anali mu ankalamulira. Kuchita zimenezi Chilango otchedwa crypto. Ku Roma, ngati kapolo wapha bwana wake mphamvu kulanga wakupha anaphedwa si, komanso akapolo onse amene ndinakhala naye m'nyumba imodzi. Mwambo umenewu wafunsira udindo mwagwirizana ndi udindo losonkhanitsidwa.

Kapolo boma, boma ang'onoang'ono ndi States ena akale komanso akuyesetsa kuchititsa anthu a mu chipembedzo. Ukapolo ndi kupanda ufulu analengeza malamulo achipembedzo. akapolo ambiri samadziwa moyo kwaulere, monga anatsimikizira mu chuma pa njonda ndi kubadwa, choncho zovuta kuganizira ufulu. zipembedzo zonyenga za Kale, osamva kuteteza opareshoni, kunathandiza kulimbitsa atumiki mu kuzindikira malo mwake.

Kuwonjezera zimachitika akhala anzawo ntchito boma ndi kunja. Kukula kwa limati kapolo anatanthauza nkhondo zonse ndi anansi ake, ndi kuwagonjetsa ndi ukapolo wa khwimbi la watsopano, kuteteza katundu wawo ku kumuopseza kunja, kuti akonze dongosolo la tichepetse m'dziko azigwira. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti ntchitozo kunja ali pafupi zedi ndi ntchito mkati. Iwo kulimbikitsa ndi azigwirizana.

Protection anakhazikitsa dongosolo

Kugwira ntchito mkati ndi kunja analipo ndi zida boma. Pa siteji oyambirira a zamoyo wa mabungwe a chitetezo cha kapolo, limagwirira uyu anali underdeveloped ndi kuphweka. Pang'onopang'ono, anakhala wamphamvu ndipo ndinakulira. N'chifukwa chake makina loyang'anira mizinda Sumeri sizingafanane ndi zida Ufumu wa Roma.

Makamaka itakula magulu okhala ndi zida. Komanso, kukodzedwa dongosolo milandu. Mabungwe alipo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Athens vv zaka. BC. e. kasamalidwe mfundo anali bule - Bungwe la faifi handiredi. Ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo boma kuti mowirikiza akuluakulu osankhidwa kuyang'anira anali zokhudza nkhondo. Zinali Hipparchus ndi strategists. Pakuti ntchito zaboma komanso anali odalirika - arhopty. Inasanduka wodziimira bwalo ndi mabungwe imakhudzana ndi zipembedzo. Education slaveholding limati kusanduka ziri mwanjira yomweyo - ndi vuto la zida ntchitoyi. Akuluakulu ndi asilikali sangathetse kukhala mbali imodzi ya ukapolo, koma ntchito zawo tikuyesera kuteteza dongosolo okhazikika bwino ndale ndi kukhazikika kwake.

The gulu la anthu amene amapezeka mu utumiki anthu, unapangidwa yekha malinga ndi zifukwa kalasi. m'malo Senior akhoza zatenga kokha. Oimira strata ena okhudzidwa mu nkhani zabwino, likukhalira pa rungs m'munsi mwa zida boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Athens, akapolo anapanga detachments, kugwira ntchito apolisi.

Yofunika kwambiri nyimbo ansembe. odetsedwa, monga ulamuliro, ndi kuliika pa malamulo, ndi zochita zawo wakhala kwambiri mphamvu zambiri wakale - Egypt, Babulo, Rome. Amachititsa khalidwe ndi maganizo ambiri. akachisi atumiki anapangidwa mphamvu anapatsa umunthu Kulambira mfumu. ntchito yawo maganizo ndi anthu kwambiri analimbitsa dongosolo monga kapolo States. ufulu ansembe yaikulu - adakhala udindo waukulu ndi kum'lemekeza konsekonse, mantha mantha ena ammudzi. miyambo ndi miyambo achipembedzo yopatulika, kupereka atsogoleri inviolability katundu ndi munthu.

andale ndi malamulo

onse wakale kapolo limati, kuphatikizapo Loyamba limati kapolo pa dera la Russia (a madera Greek pa Black Sea gombe), anakonza dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo. Iwo mulibe khalidwe gulu la anthu amene anakhalako. Zitsanzo zoonekeratu malamulo amenewa malamulo a Solon, ndi ku Atene ndi malamulo a Aroma Servius Tullius. Iwo unali ponseponse lochitira katundu ndi kuwagawa anthu mu strata. Mwachitsanzo, mu India maselo amenewa amatchedwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi Varna.

Ngakhale limati kapolo m'dera la dziko lathu si anasiya malamulo awo, olemba mbiri padziko lonse kufufuza kalekale wa Babulo Hammurabi kapena "Buku la Malamulo" wa China wakale. chida wake wa mtundu uwu uli India. Mu BC II atumwi. imelo panali malamulo a Manu. Iwo anagawana akapolo m'magulu awiri: anapereka, anagula, anatengera cholowa, munakhala akapolo chilango anatengedwa mu nkhondo, akapolo zili ndi akapolo anabadwa m'nyumba ya mwini. Iwo ali ofanana anali kuti anthu onsewa ankasiyana kwathunthu popanda ufulu, ndi tsoka chawo chimadalira kwathunthu chifundo cha mwini.

malamulo ofanana analembedwa mu malamulo a mfumu ya ku Babulo Hammurabi, wasenza mu BC XVIII atumwi. e. m'chipinda chotetezeka Zimenezi zinanenedwa kuti ngati kapolo mbuye anakana kutumikira kapena kuzitsutsa, ayenera namdula khutu lake. kapolo thandizo kuthawa ndi kuphedwa (izi ndi zoona ngakhale amuna ufulu).

Kaya zikalata wapadera wa Babulo, India ndi limati ina yakale, malamulo ambiri wangwiro amaonedwa kukhala malamulo a Roma. Muulamuliro awo, anapanga zizindikiro za m'mayiko ena ambiri otsata Azungu. Aroma, omwe anakhala Byzantine mukopedwe ndi kapolo limati m'gawo la Russia, kuphatikizapo Kievan Lazaro.

Mu ufumu wa Aroma angwiro cholowa amenewa anayamba mabungwe payekha katundu, kubweza, ngongole, yosungirako, kugula ndi kugulitsa. Chinthu ubale ngati malamulo zikhoza kukhala akapolo, chifukwa iwo ankatengedwa osati monga mankhwala kapena katundu. Gwero la malamulo amenewa anali miyambo Roma chinali kalelo, pamene panalibe ufumu kapena ufumu, panali okha wosazindikira ammudzi. Pogwiritsa miyambo za mibadwomibadwo ya m'mbuyomu, maloya ambiri ndipo kenako anapanga dongosolo malamulo a limati zikuluzikulu za masiku amakedzana.

Iye akhapidziwa kuti malamulo a Roma ndi mphamvu, ngati iwo "anaganiza ndipo linavomereza Aroma" (as lingaliro ili si mbali ya plebs ndi osauka). malire awa kuunikira kapolo ubwenzi kwa zaka zingapo. Zofunika zochita malamulo anali zokhazikitsa a oweruza, amene anali kufalitsidwa yomweyo pambuyo pa mwambo mkulu wina mkulu.

yokumba akapolo

Akapolo ntchito osati ntchito zaulimi m'mudzi, komanso ntchito yokonza nyumba Manor. Akaidi kulondera zigawo bata awo, anakonza ku khitchini, kuyembekezera pa gome, kugula chakudya. Iwo akanakhoza kuchita ntchito ya kuperekezedwa, zotsatirazi mwini wake kukayenda, ntchito, kusaka, kulikonse wofuka choncho. Nyamula chifukwa cha kuona mtima kwake ndi kulemekeza maganizo, kapolo mwayi kukhala ana namkungwi mwini. atumiki ambiri pafupifupi ankagwira ntchito nkhani kapena oyang'anira akapolo latsopano.

Lolemera ntchito thupi anauzidwa kuti akapolo, chifukwa osankhika anali otanganidwa kuteteza boma ndi kukula kwa anansi ake. malamulo ofanana anali makamaka wamba mu mayiko lolemera. Mphamvu malonda kapena madera, kumene asangalala kugulitsa chuma zikusowa, ndi opondereza anali kupatsidwa wotuluka yopindulitsa malonda. Choncho, ntchito zaulimi anapatsa akapolo. lafalitsidwa wa mphamvu anayamba Mwachitsanzo, ku Korinto.

Athens M'malo mwake, kwa nthawi yaitali anapitiriza kuchita zinthu zawo za makolo akale ulimi. Ngakhale pansi Pericles, pamene lamuloli anafika pachimake ndale, free nzika anakonda kukhala m'mudzi. zizolowezi monga anapulumutsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale patsogolo za malonda mzinda okongoletsedwa ndi zojambulajambula wapadera.

Akapolo amene inali mzinda, anagwira ntchito pa kusintha awo. Ena mwa iwo zikugwira kutetezeredwa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Athens chikukhudza thupi la zikwi oponya mivi Msukuti pogwira ntchito apolisi. akapolo ambiri anali m'gulu la asilikali ndi asilikali. Ena a iwo pa utumiki kutumiza eni payekha. akapolo amenewa anakhala oyendetsa, mbamphedza zombo ndi zida. Mu ankhondo, akapolo anali antchito ambiri. Asilikali anazipangira okha pa ngozi nthawi yomweyo boma. Mu Greece, zikatero kusanduka pa Persian Nkhondo, kapena kumapeto kwa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aroma patsogolo.

chilamulo cha nkhondo

Mu Rome, akapolo mafelemu anadzazidwa makamaka ochokera kunja. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mu dziko, ndiyeno mu ufumuwo anachita otchedwa chilamulo cha nkhondo. Mdani amene walandiridwa mkaidi, ufulu wawo wonse boma. Iye anali kunja lamulo n'kusiya kukhala munthu m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu. Ukwati mkaidi ndi kutsazikana, cholowa chake limakhalabe lotsegula.

Ambiri alendo akapolo anaphedwa pambuyo kupambana kusangalala. Akapolo umakhoza kutenga nawo mbali pa zosangalatsa za ndewu msilikali wachiroma awiri mlendo anali kupha ena kupulumuka. Pambuyo pa adani a Sicily pa ntchito decimation. Munthu aliyense chakhumi anaphedwa - kotero kuti anthu analanda chilumba usiku anatsika ndi chakhumi. Spain ndipo Cisalpine Gau poyamba zonse anapandukira ulamuliro wa Aroma. Motero, maiko amenewa anali ogulitsa waukulu akapolo Republic.

Pa nkhondo yake yotchuka ku Gau, Caesar mwakamodzi auctioned 53.000 akapolo watsopano kuchokera mwa akunjawo lapansi. Magwero monga Plutarch ndi Apiyo, akutchulidwa mu zolemba zake za chiwerengero kwambiri. Pakuti aliyense nkhani kapolo boma zinali ngakhale adani a akapolo, ndi posungira awo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a Sardinia ndi Spain, wotchuka chifukwa recalcitrance ake, chifukwa cha zimene amuna a mayiko a apamwamba Aroma anayesetsa kugulitsa, kusasunga monga atumiki awo. Pamene Republic anakhala Ufumu zofuna zake adzaza Mediterranean lonse, zigawo zazikulu za akapolo m'malo ogulitsa kumadzulo akhala maiko, popeza pali mwambo wa ukapolo ponseponse kumibadwo yambiri.

Kutha kwa limati kapolo

Ufumu wa Aroma utagwa mu BC V atumwi. e. Iye anali womaliza chakale amakedzana States asonkhane pafupifupi buku lonse wakale dziko ozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kuyambira zinali yaikulu kum'mawa mpukutu, amene anadzatchedwa Ufumu Byzantine. Mu West, anapanga otchedwa maufumu wakunja, amene anatembenuka prototypes wa limati mtundu European.

limati zonsezi pang'onopang'ono tinasamukira nyengo yatsopano mbiri - Middle Ages. maziko wawo anakhala asapita ang'onoang'ono. Iwo m'malo Institute of ukapolo tingachipeze powerenga. Kudalira osauka kwa anthu otchuka kwambiri olemera anapulumuka, koma watenga njira zina zimene ndinasintha osiyana ukapolo wakale.