Akapolo - ndani zimenezi? Mayendedwe malamulo a akapolo mu Rome ndi ku Iguputo

M'mbiri yonse ya anthu kwambiri milandu akuti pamene mudziko la magawo ena a anthu kutsatira chilamulo, anasonyeza kuti chuma. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika kuti boma amphamvu monga Ancient Egypt ndi Ufumu wa Roma zinamangidwa pa mfundo ukapolo.

mtumiki ndi amene

Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri maganizo abwino a anthu, kaya akhale a mtundu ndi chipembedzo chawo, anamenyera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi ananenetsa kuti anthu onse akhale ofanana ufulu wawo pamaso pa lamulo. Mwatsoka, anatenga zaka zoposa chikwi pamaso mikhalidwe zikugwirizananso ndi chilamulo cha mayiko ambiri a dziko, ndipo izo zisanachitike, mibadwo yambiri ya anthu tanthauzo kuti ukugwira zopanda moyo ndi akumanidwa mwayi kutaya miyoyo yawo. Funso: "Ndani ali kapolo?" Mungayankhe ndi kutchula pa Universal Declaration of Human Rights wa UN. Makamaka, limati kuti tanthauzo ndi oyenera munthu aliyense amene sangathe okha kusiya ntchito. Komanso, mawu akuti "kapolo" umatchedwanso munthu, amene wokwatibwa ndi munthu wina.

Kodi ukapolo ngati gulu chodabwitsa

Monga zachilendo mmene zingamvekere, koma mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti precondition kwa akapolo kwa anthu anali chitukuko cha sayansi. mfundo ndi yakuti pamaso pa munthu anakhoza kulenga mwa ntchito zawo chiwerengero cha mankhwala kuposa kunali koyenera yokha chakudya, ukapolo unali chuma kosathandiza, anthu amene atengedwa mkaidi, ankangomumwaza anaphedwa. The zinthu zinasintha pamene ulimi anayamba yosafuna chifukwa cha kuonekera kwa zipangizo zatsopano. Kutchula koyamba kuli states kumene ukapolo ntchito, amanena za chiyambi cha III Zakachikwi. BC. e. Ofufuzawa zindikirani kuti izi ndi ufumu waung'ono Mesopotamia. Ambiri Akunenanso akapolo opezeka Old Testament. Kwenikweni, n'chakuti zifukwa anthu kusintha kwa rung m'munsi pa wapamwamba. Choncho, malinga ndi Buku mabuku, akapolo - ndi akaidi osati kokha, komanso anthu amene amapezeka analephera kubweza ngongole, anakwatira kapolo, kapena mbala, amene sanathe Yamba kubedwa kapena zoperewerazo kuwonongeka. Komanso, kupeza udindo wa munthu kunatanthauza kuti ana ake komanso pafupifupi analibe mwayi chomveka kumasuka.

akapolo ku Iguputo

Pakali pano, olemba mbiri simunamudziwebe kuti kuuzidwa za udindo wa anthu "ufulu" mu ufumu wakale kulamulidwa ndi Farao. Mulimonsemo, amadziwika kuti akapolo ku Iguputo anali gawo cha anthu, ndipo iwo ankapatsidwa ndithu mwachilungamo. Makamaka anthu ambiri kumeneko anakakamizika ntchito mu nthawi ya Ufumu Chatsopano, pamene ngakhale wamba ufulu Aiguputo akanakhoza kukhala atumiki anali nawo ndi ufulu umwini. Komabe, monga ulamuliro, iwo ntchito ngati alimi ulimi analola kuti akonze banja. Ndi nkhani ya nthawi imene ulamuliro, akapolo ku Iguputo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ptolemy ankakhala mwanjira yomweyo monga odwala anzawo m'mayiko ena, omwe anapangidwa pambuyo kugwa kwa ufumu Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti za IV m'ma BC chuma ndi dziko wamphamvu kwambiri kumpoto kwa Africa, unali kuchokera pa ulimi wa ulimi ufulu wamba.

Akapolo ku Greece

Chamakono ku chitukuko, ndi pamaso pa Aroma wakale adanyamuka pa maziko a Greek wakale. Ndipo iye nayenso, zimene anachita zonse, kuphatikizapo miyambo, anakakamizika akapolo akafuna kupanga. Monga tanenera kale, udindo wa munthu ndi ufulu m'nthawi yakaleyo zambiri anatayika chifukwa cha adani a. Ndipo ngati Greek mzinda-limati kosalekeza anachita nkhondo ndi mzake, chiwerengero cha akapolo chinawonjezereka. Komanso, udindo uwu amagwira ntchito mu ngongole insolvent ndi metekam - alendo amene anali kubisalira kupereka msonkho kwa chuma cha boma. Mwa ntchito kuti nthawi zambiri udindo wa akapolo ku Greece tingasiyanitsire kuzipinda zogona, komanso ntchito m'migodi, mu Navy (opalasa) ndipo ngakhale asilikali. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mu Zikatero, asilikali omwe asonyeza mtima kwapadera, anamasulidwa m'tchire, ndipo eni kulipidwa imfa kugwirizana ndi imfa ya kapoloyu, likuvutika boma. Choncho, ngakhale anthu amene anabadwa osati free, ndinali nawo mwayi kusintha mthupi mwawo.

akapolo achiroma

Zikuonekera anapulumuka mbiri yakale, ku Greece, anthu ambiri akumanidwa ufulu wawo kutaya moyo wawo, sanali Agiriki. yosiyana zinalili mu Roma. Ndipotu ufumu umenewu ndi zonse pa nkhondo ndi anansi ake ambiri, n'chifukwa chake akapolo achiroma - ndi zambiri alendo. Ambiri a iwo anabadwa free, ndipo amayamba kuyesera kuti athawe ndi kubwerera kunyumba. Komanso, mogwirizana ndi matebulo khumi, amene woipitsitsawu kwathunthu kumvetsa munthu ano, bambo akhoza kugulitsa ana awo kuukapolo. Mwamwayi, makonzedwe yamasika wakhalapo kufikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo kumadalira zomwe akapolo mu malamulo a Roma - amene sali kanthu koma Aroma. M'mawu ena, munthu free, ndi plebeian ndi zambiri patrician Mulimonsemo sakanakhoza kukhala kapolo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, si anthu onse mu gulu uyu sanali zimuyendere bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu malo m'malo mwayi iwo anali akapolo banja, amene nthawi zambiri amaona eni a m'banja. Komanso, iwo akhoza kukhala mfulu ndi Mr yofunika misonkhano banja lake.

Wotchuka kapolo kugalukira Roma

Chikhumbo cha ufulu amakhala munthu aliyense. Choncho, ngakhale eni ankaganiza kuti akapolo awo - ndi mtanda pakati zida zopanda moyo ndi kumunyamula nyama, kawirikawiri ananyamuka kupanduka. milandu ya misa kusamvera zambiri kuponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi apolisi. Wotchuka mwambo mtundu wake - wa olembedwa a mbiri yakale - imatengedwa kukhala kapolo kupanduka kutsogoleredwa ndi Spartacus. Inachitika mu nthawi kuchokera zaka 74 kuti 71 a m'nthawi yathu ino, ndipo unapangidwa bungwe ndi omenyana ndi. chakuti opandukawo anakwanitsa zaka zitatu kusunga pa Bay Roma Senate, mbiri yakale zimachitika chakuti panthawi imeneyo, akuluakulu koma alephera kuponya ndi asilikali a akapolo ophunzitsidwa mayunitsi asilikali, pafupifupi magulu onse anali kumenyana mu Spain, mu Asia Minor ndi ku Thrace. Pambuyo kuwina kupambana angapo ncthito, asilikali a Spartacus, pachimake amene anali akapolo achiroma ophunzitsidwa mu masewera a karati nthawi, ngakhale izo wosweka, ndipo iye anafa mu nkhondo, mwina m'manja mwa msilikali wina wotchedwa Felix.

Zipolowe in Ancient Egypt

zochitika zofanana, koma, ndithudi, ndi zochepa zodziwika bwino, pakhala zaka zambiri lisanakhazikike Rome, pa mtsinje wa Nile, pa mapeto a Ufumu Middle. Iwo Mwachitsanzo anafotokoza mu "nkhani Noferrehu" - gumbwa, chomwe mukusungira Petersburg Hermitage. Komabe, mu chikalata ichi amatchuka kuti kugalukira anaukitsidwa wamba osauka, ndipo kenako iwo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi akapolo, makamaka ochokera Asia Minor. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti zisungidwe osonyeza kuti mamembala a chipwirikiti anafuna makamaka kuwononga zikalata analemba ufulu ndi udindo wa anthu olemera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akapolo ankakhulupirira kuti chala akuvutika malamulo awo chilungamo Egypt, amene anagawa anthuwo pa mfulu ndi akapolo. Monga kupanduka kwa Spartacus, kupanduka Aigupto wakhalanso kuletsedwa, ndipo ambiri a anthu ake - mwankhanza anawonongedwa.

malamulo a Roma okhudza akapolo

Amadziwika kuti malamulo a masiku ano m'mayiko ambiri zochokera malamulo a Aroma. Choncho, malinga ndi amuna onse m'magulu awiri: ufulu nzika (mwayi kuti anthu) ndi akapolo (ili m'munsi, titero, osewera). Monga mwa chilamulo, osati munthu ufulu si osiyana malamulo chilli ndi alibe mphamvu malamulo. Makamaka, zinthu zambiri - kuchokera mfundo malamulo a view - anachita kaya chinthu ubale malamulo, monga mwina "kulankhula chida". Pankhaniyi, ngati kapolo anakwatira mkazi ufulu kapena kapolo anakwatira munthu free, iwo sakanakhoza ayenerere usilikali. Komanso, mwachitsanzo, akapolo onse amene anakhalapo ndi Mr pansi pa denga wina, anayenera kuphedwa ngati mwini awo aphedwa pa makoma a nyumba. Mu chilungamo ziyenera ananena kuti nthawi ya ufumu wa Roma, T. E. Pambuyo 27 BC, kuyamba chilango njonda kwa nkhanza kwa akapolo ake.

Malamulo zokhudza akapolo ku Iguputo

Mtima akapolo boma kumalamuliridwa ndi Farao, kukhala formalized m'chilamulo. Makamaka, panali malamulo amene amaletsa kupha akapolo, akutsimikizira chakudya ndi ngakhale chofunika kulipira mitundu ina ya ukapolo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena zochita malamulo a akapolo lotchedwa "akufa m'banja" imene ofufuza kugwirizana ndi peculiarities wa maganizo achipembedzo a anthu a ku Egypt. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ana ufulu munthu wobadwa kapolo, anapempha bambo akhoza kulandira udindo wa ufulu ndi kuyenerera kwa gawo la cholowa pa ndime ndi ana yovomerezeka.

Ukapolo ndi US: mbali malamulo m'magazini ino

boma lina, chitukuko chuma pa siteji oyambirira chitukuko zinali zochokera ntchito yakalavula gaga, ndi United States. Amadziwika kuti akapolo woyamba wakuda anaonekera mu dziko lino mu 1619. Negros akapolo zinkachokera ku United States mpaka m'ma 19, ndipo malinga ndi asayansi dziko lino ndi kugulitsa akapolo anali kuwasindikiza ku Africa okwana anthu 645.000. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ambiri mwa malamulo okhudza otere "osamuka mphwayi", anapangidwa mu zaka womaliza asanafe kukhazikitsidwa kwa khumi ndi chitatu Kukonzedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1850 a US Congress zapita kuchita zomwe zikuwononga zimakhudza malo malamulo a akapolo. Malinga ndi izo, anthu a mayiko onse, kuphatikizapo kumene pa nthawi ya umwana wake kale anathetsa ukapolo, anauzidwa kuti atenge mbali mu adani a akapolo wothawa. Komanso, malamulo amapereka kwa chilango ngakhale kwa nzika ufulu amene anathandiza akuda, anathawa ambuye awo. Monga mukudziwa, ngakhale zoyesayesa zonse Obzala mpesawo ku maiko akummwera kukhalabe ukapolo, komabe zinali zoletsedwa. Ngakhale akadali za zana limati zosiyanasiyana US zinthu achipongwe malamulo wakuda anthu tsankho zimene zimaipitsa ufulu wawo.

Ukapolo ku dziko zamakono

Mwatsoka, chilakolako ndi kusangalala ndi zipatso lopanda ntchito anthu ena si adzathetsedwa, ndi lero. Choncho, mfundo laperekedwa tsiku ndi tsiku pa chizindikiritso cha amapezeka kugulitsidwa - kugulitsa ndi kuzunzidwa kwa anthu. Komanso, masiku kapolo amalonda ndi akapolo zina ndi zambiri zachiwawa kuposa Mwachitsanzo, Roman. Ndipotu, zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo udindo malamulo a akapolo anapangidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndipo iwo ankadalira pa chifuniro cha mabwana awo bwinobwino. Koma akuvutika kugulitsidwa, nthawi zambiri za iwo, palibe amene akudziwa, ndipo anthu osauka chidole mu manja a "ambuye".