Ang'onoang'ono amati: maphunziro ndi chitukuko

Feudalism adanyamuka kumayambiriro kwa kale Zapakati. Kwa dongosolo ngati ubale wa anthu akhoza kubwera mu njira ziwiri. Mbali yoyamba boma ang'onoang'ono limapezeka m'malo mwa decomposed boma kapolo. Izo zinachitika Ulaya. Njira yachiwiri inali njira ya kusinthika kuchokera feudalism ku mudzi wosazindikira, kumene otchuka, atsogoleri kapena akulu, amakhala eni yaikulu chuma yovuta - m'dziko ndi ziweto. Mofananamo anayambitsa apamwamba ndi ukapolo wa wamba ake.

feudalism Education

Kumayambiriro kwa atsogoleri akale ndi akale ndipo warlords mafuko anakhala mafumu, mabungwe a akulu kutembenukira ku nsonga pafupifupi, asilikali reformat asilikali okhazikika ndi ankhondo. Ngakhale mtundu uliwonse ang'onoang'ono boma kusanduka mu njira yake, ambiri, ndondomeko imeneyi inali yofanana. Wauzimu ndi yakale otchuka anataya zinthu zakale, kupanga landholdings lalikulu.

Kufanana m'dera la kumidzi anali linakwiriridwa ndi ufulu alimi adzautaya. Iwo anakhala amadalira ambuye ndi ang'onoang'ono kapena boma lokha. The kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa iwo ndi akapolo kugona chakuti wamba yozungulira mwina ndi munda yawo zida zina payekha.

masuku pamutu wa Amaya

Mofanana zoipa umphumphu wa dziko ang'onoang'ono kugawikana a boma zochokera pa mfundo za chuma ang'onoang'ono. Iwo kumachititsanso ubale serfs ndi landlords - ndi kudalira woyambawo pa masika.

Litha a kalasi imodzi chikhalidwe ndi wina ikuchitika mwa mokakamizidwa mndandanda wa lendi ang'onoang'ono (pali mitundu itatu ya annuities). Mtundu woyamba anali dalitso. Pamene anayenera kukwaniritsa mlimi anapereka chiwerengero cha masiku ntchito sabata. Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi rents achilengedwe. Naye mlimi ankafunika kupereka mbuye gawo la zokolola zawo (ngati mmisiri - pa zinthu). Mtundu wachitatu anali rents ndalama (kapena ndalama lendi). Pamene amisiri ake ndi anthu wamba analipira ambuye a ndalama.

Boma ang'onoang'ono inachokera osati pa zachuma komanso yokumba sanali chuma zigawo oponderezedwa a anthu. Nthawi zambiri kukakamiza amenewa unatsanuliridwa chiwawa lotseguka. Mitundu ina akhala mayina ndi analembedwa monga njira yovomerezeka akuswa lamulo. Ndi chifukwa cha thandizo la boma mphamvu ya ambuye ang'onoang'ono inatenga zaka zingapo, pamene udindo wa anthu onse ankakonda zoopsa. Akuluakulu chapakati ndi mwadongosolo kuponderezedwa ndi anapondereza misa, kuteteza chuma payekha ndi chapamwamba ndale komanso a apamwamba.

Medieval wolowezana wa zandale

Chifukwa ang'onoang'ono madera a ku Ulaya anali kugonjetsedwa ndi mavuto a nthawi? Chimodzi mwa zifukwa - ufumu okhwima ubale zandale ndiponso. Ngati wamba kumvera nzika, amene nawonso, kumvera nzika ngakhale amphamvu. Chimake cha khalidwe ino wake chinali kumanga mfumu.

Adzakhala okhulupirika kwa ena ambuye ang'onoang'ono kuchokera zina amalola ngakhale ofooka boma centralized kusunga malire ake. Komanso, ngakhale mumzinda waukulu (atsogoleri, udindo, atsogoleri) zikutsutsana ndi mzake, iwo akanakhoza pogwirizanitsa kuopseza wamba. Mwaichi, nthawi zambiri nkhondo kunja ndi nkhondo (nkhondo ya wongosamukasamuka mu Russia, alowererepo zakunja Ulaya). Choncho, ang'onoang'ono kugawikana wa boma, zodabwitsa, nazigawa dziko, ndipo anathandiza kuti adzapulumuke masoka osiyanasiyana.

Komanso mwa anthu, ndi kunja kwa m'bwalolo mayiko mwadzina ndi ulamuliro waukulu ndi galimoto chidwi si mtundu, womwe kalasi akulamulira. Mu nkhondo zonse ndi mafumu oyandikana sakanakhoza kuchita wopanda asilikali amene anabwera kwa iye mu mawonekedwe a magulu wa ambuye wamng'ono. Mafumu ankakonda kupita nkhondo kunja kokha n'cholinga chokwaniritsa zofuna za osankhika ake. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi dziko loyandikana nalo ambuye mundilanda ndipo anapanga phindu, kusiya chuma chachikulu m'matumba awo. Nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri zida nkhondo ndi earls anagwira ulamuliro wa malonda m'chigawo.

Misonkho ndi mpingo

Mwapang'onopang'ono boma ang'onoang'ono wakhala zinafuna patsogolo zida boma. limagwirira Izi ndikuzitsatira kuyambira ndalama kwa anthu, msonkho waukulu, ntchito ndi misonkho. ndalama zonse unatengedwa kuchokera mumzinda ndi amisiri. Choncho, ngakhale ngati nzika si amadalira mbuye ang'onoang'ono, iye anali kupereka moyo wawo mokomera anthu olamulira.

chipilala wina adayima boma ang'onoang'ono anali mpingo. Mphamvu ya atsogoleri achipembedzo ku Middle Ages ankaona ofanana kapena wamkulu mphamvu ya mfumu (mfumu kapena mfumu). Mu nkhokwe ya mpingo ndi maganizo, ndale ndiponso zachuma njira zimakhudzira anthu. Bungweli osati kuteteza chipembedzo chawo zinthu, koma anakhalabe kusamala za boma pa nthawi ang'onoang'ono.

mpingo kugwirizana wapadera pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za anagawa anthu akale. Kaya munthuyo anali m'mphawi, asilikali ang'onoang'ono Ambuye, ankawaona kuti Mkhristu, choncho kumvera Papa (kapena kholo). Ndicho chifukwa chake Mpingo uli mphamvu ya mwafikira mphamvu dzikoli.

olamulira a chipembedzo unachotsa zokayikitsa ndipo akanakhoza kukana utumiki pa dera la ambuye ang'onoang'ono, amene ali nkhondo. zonsezi ndakhala zipangizo bwino kukakamiza akale ndale ku Ulaya. Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana kwa Old boma Russian lingaliro limeneli, mosiyana pang'ono ndi zimene West. Atsogoleri a mpingo Orthodox nthawi zambiri intermediaries pakati zotsutsana ndi chikumenyana ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

Kukula kwa feudalism

Ambiri mwa akale anthu andale anali mafumu. Pasanathe Republic wamba, amene anali khalidwe la zigawo zina za Germany, Northern Russia ndi kumpoto Italy.

Kumayambiriro ang'onoang'ono boma (zaka V-IX.), Monga ulamuliro, anali mafumu, mu womwe unali ang'onoang'ono kalasi tangoyamba kutenga mawonekedwe. Iye anathandiza wozungulira mphamvu wachifumu. Zinali nthawi imeneyi anapanga yoyamba akale European limati, kuphatikizapo franc boma lachifumu.

Mafumu m'zaka zimenezi anali mafanizo ofooka ndi mwadzina. Awo aang'ono (akalonga ndi atsogoleri) kuzindikira "wamng'ono" koma kwenikweni anasangalala ufulu. ang'onoang'ono boma mapangidwe zinachitika molumikizana ndi mapangidwe zigawo chakale ang'onoang'ono: wamng'ono Ankhondo, barons, sing'anga ndi chintchito chachikulu.

Mu X-XIII zaka Europe anali yodziwika ndi m'manja-liege mafumu. Nthawi imeneyi, boma ang'onoang'ono ndi ufulu zinachititsa kuti maluwa kupanga akale mu chuma ang'onoang'ono. Kutsirizitsa kugawikana ndale. Panali ulamuliro kiyi ubale ang'onoang'ono "m'manja mwa m'manja anga - osati m'manja mwanga". Lililonse mwinimunda lalikulu ndi maudindo yekha kwa mbuye wawo yomweyo. Ngati ang'onoang'ono vassalage chosemphana ndi malamulo ake pa zabwino akuyembekezera zabwino, pa zikachitika - nkhondo.

centralization

M'zaka za m'ma XIV, anayamba ndondomeko centralization Europe lonse mphamvu. Old Russian ang'onoang'ono boma nthawi imeneyi anali mu kudalira pa Golden gulu Komabe, ngakhale kuti anali otentha mwa iye kulimbana kugwirizanitsa dziko padziko ukulu wina. Otsutsa chachikulu kukumana fateful anakhala Moscow ndi Tver.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ku mayiko a azungu (France, Germany, Spain) anali woyamba matupi nthumwi: States-General, ndi Reichstag, Cortez. The boma pang'ono ndi pang'ono kwambiri moti mfumu anaikira mu manja ake umalamulira onse latsopano. Mfumu ndi Grand Duke anadalira pa m'tawuni, komanso zikutanthauza ndi otchuka wosalabadira.

Mapeto a feudalism

nzika Large, monga iwo angakhoze kukana kulimbitsa mafumu. Ang'onoang'ono boma Russia wakhala angapo wamagazi nkhondo zapachiweniweni, pamaso pa Moscow akalonga kupeza kulamulira ambiri m'dzikoli. njira zofanana zinachitika mu Europe ndi ngakhale kumadera ena a dziko (mwachitsanzo, mu Japan, komwe iyenso anali nzika zake zazikulu).

Ang'onoang'ono kugawikana chinthu kale mu zaka XVI-XVII. Pamene Europe apanga boma lachifumu mtheradi ndi ndende wathunthu wa mphamvu mu manja a mafumu. Olamulira anachita milandu, zachuma ndi malamulo ntchito. Mu manja awo anali aakulu akatswiri ankhondo ndi lalikulu malamulo makina, limene ankalamulira zinthu m'mayiko awo. Maphunziro-nthumwi matupi anataya kufunika kwake kale. Ena zizindikiro ubale ang'onoang'ono mu mawonekedwe a serfdom anakhalabe m'mudzi mpaka m'ma XIX.

Republic

Kupatula monarchies mu Ages Middle panali lolemera mayiko. Iwo akadali anali achilendo mawonekedwe a boma ang'onoang'ono. Mu Russia, malonda a Republic aumbike mwa Novgorod ndi Pskov, ndipo mu Italy - Florence, Venice ndi mizinda ina.

Mphamvu wamkulu iwo a gulu oyang'anira tauni bungwe, zimene zinaphatikizapo oimira anthu otchuka m'deralo. The amazilamulira zofunika kwambiri a amalonda, atsogoleri, amisiri, ndi eni malo olemera. Council kuti aziona ntchito zonse mzinda: malonda, nkhondo, za mgwirizano wa mayiko, etc ...

Akalonga ndi Komiti

Monga ulamuliro, mabwalo wakhala odzichepetsa kwambiri m'deralo. Mu Germany iwo makamaka sachoka m'mayiko konse, chimene chiri kwambiri pafupi ndi mzinda. Pa nthawi yomweyo, aliyense ndi mabwalo ang'onoang'ono anali mwayokha, dongosolo ndalama, oweruza a khoti, asilikali. Pa mutu wa asilikali (monga Pskov ndi Novgorod) akhoza anaitanidwa ndi kalonga.

Mayiko Russian unali Komiti - ufulu Mzinda Wonse bungwe la nzika, amene tikuchita ndi ntchito zapakhomo (ndi zina yachilendo) mafunso. Iwo anali akale mphukira wa demokalase, ngakhale kuti sanaone kuletsa ulamuliro wapamwamba za anthu apamwamba. Komabe, kuli zinthu zochuluka zamanja zosiyanasiyana anthu nthawi zambiri zotsatira zake m'nkhondo mkati ndi atasemphana boma.

mbali dera feudalism

Kumaiko lalikulu European anali mbali yake ang'onoang'ono. Analumbirira dongosolo dziko ubale m'manja akuti ndi France, lomwe Komanso, m'zaka IX anali pakati pa Wachifulanki Ufumu. Mu England tingachipeze powerenga akale feudalism anali "kunja" Norman agonjetsi m'zaka XI. Kenako ena dongosolo andale ndi azachuma zachitika ku Germany. The Germany feudalism chitukuko anakumana ndi zosiyana ndondomeko monarchical kusakanikirana, amene anapereka pakhale nkhondo (Mwachitsanzo popenyana ndi France, kumene feudalism unakhazikitsidwa ufumu kale centralized).

Chifukwa izo zinachitika? Mu Germany, anali kulamulidwa ndi mafumu a Hohenstaufen, amene anayesa kulimbitsa ufumu ndi ufumu okhwima, aliyense rung m'munsi pamwamba anamvera. Koma mfumu analibe linga chawo - maziko olimba, amene adzawapatsa ndalama zawozawo. Korol Fridrih ndinayesa kutero monarchic ulamuliro wa dziko la Italy, koma kumeneko iye analimbana ndi Papa. Nkhondo pakati pa Boma chapakati ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono mu Germany inatenga zaka ziwiri. Pomalizira pake, m'ma XIII, mutu lachifumu anakhala wosankhidwa osati cholowa, kutaya mwayi kulamulira nzika lalikulu. Germany kwa nthawi yaitali inasanduka zili zovuta kwa maukulu palokha.

Mosiyana ndi mnansi kumpoto, ku Italy, kukhazikitsidwa kwa feudalism anayamba inapita mayendedwe kuyambira Ages Middle. Mu dziko lino, monga cholowa cha amakedzana anakhalabe wodziimira mzinda makonzedwe boma, kenako chinadzakhala maziko a kugawikana ndale. Ngati France, Germany ndi Spain pambuyo kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma anali massively litadzala ndi akunjawo zakunja Italy, miyambo zakale silinathe. Posakhalitsa, m'mizinda ikuluikulu anakhala malo opindulitsa malonda Mediterranean.

Mpingo mu Italy anali wolowa mmalo mwa malamulo apamwamba akale. Mabishopu mpaka m'ma XI zambiri anali oyang'anira kiyi wa midzi mu Apennine chilumba. chikoka yekha wa Church padagwedezeka ndi amalonda olemera. Iwo analenga boma osiyana ganyu akuluakulu kunja ndipo anapambana m'maboma a kumidzi. Choncho kuzungulira mizinda bwino kwambiri apanga katundu wawo, pamene mizinda yambiri anasonkhana misonkho mbewu. Chifukwa cha njira pamwamba mu Italy panali zambiri lolemera Republic kuti unagawanika dziko powomba ambiri yaing'ono.