Kayendedwe Popular m'zaka 17

kayendedwe Popular m'zaka za m'ma 17 anali chodabwitsa misa ku Russia. Nthawi ya Time ya Mavuto inatha. muzochitika zones za moyo kwachitika inawonongedwa: chuma, ndale, Gona chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi makulidwe auzimu. Mwachibadwa, kunali koyenera kuti abwezeretse chuma. Ambiri a kukonza ndi zaluso kupweteka anthu pa nthawi imeneyo. Chifukwa - kayendedwe anthu. Tidzayensa yosanthula mwatsatanetsatane nkhani imeneyi.

Phunziro la "m'mbiri" (7 cl.): "Gulu la anthu a"

Nthawi "buntashnogo Century" ndi mbali ya sukulu mokakamizidwa osachepera. Njira "History of Russia" (kalasi 7, "Movement Anthu") akusonyeza zimayambitsa zotsatirazi zosokonezeka okhudzidwa:

• Kuwonjezeka misonkho chifukwa cha mikangano zonse zankhondo.
• Zoyesayesa za boma zoletsa kudziyimira pawokha Cossack.
• Kulimbikitsa mandative tepi.
• Muukapolo wamba.
• kusintha mpingo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kugawanika pakati pa atsogoleri ndi anthu.

The zifukwa pamwamba amanena kuti kayendedwe otchuka m'nthawi ya 17 imakhudzana osati ndi anthu wamba, monga anali kale, komanso ndi strata ena okhudzidwa: atsogoleri, Cossacks, oponya mivi.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti aboma anayamba kuchita ndi magulu amphamvu kuti mukudziwa momwe ntchito manja. Cossacks ndi oponya mivi anakwanitsa apeze nkhondowo zambiri nkhondo zonse. Choncho, kutenga nawo mbali mu zipolowe pa sikelo ya angayerekezedwe ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Salt chipolowe

Ndikufuna kukumbukira pensioners lero, amene zikukangalika kuyang'anira mchere m'masitolo mitengo. Ponso limodzi kapena awiri a ruble lero limodzi ndi zosiyanasiyana atamunamizira ndi Kutsutsa akuluakulu. Komabe, kuwonjezeka mchere mtengo m'zaka XVII ali chikwiyire chipolowe weniweni.

July 1, 1648 kunabuka yoweyula mphamvu za matchalitchi. chifukwa panali ntchito zina pa mchere, chifukwa zomwe boma anaganiza yothandiza bajeti. zinthu zinachititsa kuti chakuti zionetsero "intercepted" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich pamene pochokera mapemphero pa boma la Russia. Anthu anadandaula za "mfumu yabwino" kuchita "zoipa" Boyar - mutu wa pa Provincial Order L. S. Plescheeva. Mu maso a munthu wamba mwa msewu iye yekha mlandu wochititsa mavuto onse a boma: mandative bureaucracy, kuba, mtengo kumawonjezera osati mchere komanso mankhwala ena chakudya.

"Oipa" Boyar ayenera kupereka nsembe. "Mu amati ndi" mfumu osati anamuchotsa ndi "wopanda khalidwe" Pleshcheeva, komanso msuwani wake, boyar Boris Morozov, namkungwi. Ndipotu iye anali "chinsinsi kadinala" m'dzikolo ndi kuthetsa pafupifupi onse nkhani zaboma. Komabe, pambuyo pake kayendedwe otchuka m'dziko itatha. Ife titembenukira zambiri kwa ena.

Popular kayendedwe (kalasi 7, mbiri ya Russia): Mkuwa kupanduka

Vuto mchere sanaphunzitse boma njira kusamala kuti asinthe. Ndalama dziko analibe. Ndiyeno akuluakulu athera kwambiri "imfa" kukonzanso chuma chimene chikanakhoza kubwera kokha ndi - ndi devaluation a ndalamayo.

Boma, m'malo ndalama zasiliva kuika mu ndalama makope mkuwa chimene 10-15 ndalama mtengo. Ndithudi, izo zinali zotheka kuti abwere ndi matabwa (m'lingaliro loona mawu) rubles, koma aboma anaganiza poyesa tsoka choncho. Mwachibadwa, amalonda anasiya kugulitsa mankhwala mkuwa.

Mu July 1662 kuphedwa zachiwawa. Tsopano anthu sakhulupirira "mfumu yabwino." Pogroms anali pansi chuma cha pafupifupi onse anamuperekeza mfumu. The anthu ankafuna kwambiri "wodzozedwa wa Mulungu" kufafaniza ngakhale nyumba m'mudzi wa Kolomna. Komabe, mu nthawi asilikali anafika, ndipo mfumu inabwera kukambirana.

Zotsatirazi zochitika izi, akuluakulu atazunzidwa ndi opandukawo. Anthu ambiri anaphedwa, anamangidwa, ena anadula manja, mapazi, zinenero. Anthu mwayi, ku ukapolo.

Kupanduka kwa Stepan Razin

Ngati m'mbuyomu kayendedwe otchuka amagwiritsidwa mtendere unarmed anthu, ndi kugalukira Stepana Razina nawo zida ndi kuphana zinachitikira Cossacks. Ndipo inasanduka vuto lalikulu boma.

vuto onse anali Conciliar Code 1649. chikalata ichi definitively anakhazikitsa serfdom. Inde, chiyambi cha izo kupanga kuyambira nthawi ya Ivan III, kumayambiriro Tsiku St. George ndi ubwenzi wa anthu ogwira ntchito ku ambuye dziko. Komabe Conciliar The Code wakhazikitsa moyo wonse ankafuna wamba amathawathawa ndi kubwerera kwa eni zawo zakale. lamulo limeneli anali atakwatirana ndi ufulu Cossack. Panali zaka zakubadwa ulamuliro wa "Ayi Extradition kwa Don", womwenso chitetezo cha aliyense amene afika kumeneko.

Pofika m'ma 60s wa XVII m'ma pa Don muli ndi nambala yaikulu wamba wothawa. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti zotsatira izi:

• The impoverishment wa Cossacks, dzikoli monga kupezeka si kokwanira. Komanso, panali nkhondo, amene kale amachepetsa chiwerengero ndi Cossacks ndi gwero la chuma.
• Kuganizira yaikulu asilikali kothandiza pa malo amodzi.

Zonsezi, ndithudi, sanathe koma kuyambitsa kayendedwe otchuka

"The kampeni ya malaya ake"

Gawo loyamba la chiwembu la osawuka ndi Cossacks kutsogoleredwa ndi Stepan Razin anapita mu mbiri monga "kampeni ya malaya ake," mwachitsanzo, nyama (1667-1669 gg.). Cholinga cha ntchitoyi anali katundu wamalonda zombo ndi katundu onyamula katundu ku Russia kuti Persia. Ndipotu detachment Razin anali Wakuba zigawenga zomwe oletsedwa waukulu malonda mtsempha wamagazi wa Volga, analanda mzinda Yaitsky anagonjetsa zombo Persian, kenako anabwerera mu 1669 ndi zofunkha wolemera kwa Don.

Izi bwino ndi wogwiritsa kampeni ouziridwa Cossacks zina zambiri ndi anthu wamba amene lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma umphawi. Iwo massively anatambasula ndi S. Razin. Tsopano ine pakati lingaliro kukwaniritsa kusintha dziko. S. Razin analengeza ulendo pa Moscow.

Gawo lachiwiri (1670 - 1671 gg.)

Ndipotu, ntchito ya Stepan Razin akufanana tsogolo wamba nkhondo kutsogoleredwa ndi Pugachev. Yotakata chikhalidwe strata, ambiri nawo nkhondo ya akomweko mitundu kuyankhula za m'ziwawa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Ambiri, mbiri m'banja (kayendedwe otchuka makamaka) sanaonepo ngati misa zionetsero za anthu yake isanafike nthawi imeneyo.

Mayendedwe a kugalukira ndi

Opandukawo nthawi yomweyo mzinda Tsaritsyn. Anabwera kwa linga bwino zokhalamo za Astrakhan, amene anapatsa popanda kumenyana. abwanamkubwa onse ndi otchuka anaphedwa.

bwino ali chikwiyire kusintha kosangalatsa yaikulu mbali ya Razin m'mizinda ikuluikulu monga Samara, Saratov, Penza, kusonyeza pamavuto aakulu ndale m'dziko Russian. Kuwonjezera anthu Russian, ndi kukoka iye kwa anthu a Volga: Chuvash, Chitata, Mordovian, Mari ndi ena.

Izo zimayambitsa ambiri zigawenga

Chiwerengero cha anthu opanduka wafika 200 zikwi. Man. zifukwa umene Razin anakoka zikwi zambiri: ena tatopa umphawi, misonkho, ena onse anakweza udindo wa "Cossacks ufulu" ndipo ena anali zigawenga. Ambiri dziko dera ankafuna kudziyimira pawokha ndipo ngakhale ufulu pambuyo chigonjetso cha zisinthe.

Mapeto a kugalukira, kuphana

Komabe, zolinga za opandukawo sizichitika. Choperewera logwirizana, zolinga zawo, asilikali unmanageable. Mu September 1670, iye anayesera kuti atenge Simbirsk (ano Ulyanovsk), koma analephera ndipo kenako anayamba kugwa.

Mphamvu yaikulu kutsogoleredwa ndi S. Razin kumanzere kwa Don, ambiri anamwazidwa ndi malo kumtunda. Anthu opandukawo Chilango ulendo lotsogoleredwa ndi kazembe, Prince Yu Baryatinsky, amene kwenikweni amatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zilipo asilikali. Poopa kufa, opandukawo ndawapatsa mutu wake, zomwe panayi.

Mpaka 100 zikwi. Anthu akadaphedwa ndi kuzunzidwa ndi akuluakulu. Chotero misa kupondereza Russia Sindinakudziwani isanafike nthawi imeneyo.