Khromozomu. Haploid ndi diploid chiwerengero DNA.

Ana kuchokera kwa makolo awo zapita majini ena. Amadziwika kuti achinyamata "amatenga" kwa akulu mawonekedwe a nkhope, makamaka mutu, manja, tsitsi, etc.). Pakuti kulanda makhalidwe makolo kuti ana mu thupi limafanana chinthu, monga deoxyribonucleic acid. Nkhanizi wapadera likunena zambiri pa masiyanidwe a chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Kwalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a malamulo. Kumalimbikitsa khromozomu.

Mu selo munthu lili awiriawiri makumi atatu amenewa mayunitsi structural ndi zinchito DNA lapansi. Aliyense wa awa "duet" lili awiri mwamtheradi zofanana structural ndi zinchito unit. kusiyana ndi kuti awiriawiri izi zimasiyana ndi mzake. DNA liwerengedwa makumi asanu mphambu makumi asanu ndi kugonana. Pa nthawi yomweyo, awiriwa uyu ali yemweyo yekha atsikana, ngati amuna ali osiyana. structural ndi zinchito mayunitsi onse, kupatulapo kugonana, amatchedwa "autosomes." Tikumbukenso kuti DNA ambiri mbali monga mapuloteni. Iwo ali osiyana mu maonekedwe ena a iwo ndi zobisika kwambiri, ndi zina - pang'ono wamfupi kusiyana ndi ena, koma aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mapasa. Khromozomu anapereka (kapena, monga iwo ukutchedwa, karyotype) ndi chibadwa dongosolo, amene ali ndi udindo kwa kufala kwa chibadwa. Taganizirani ngati structural ndi zinchito unit wa maso bwino pa magawano selo (metaphase siteji). Nthawi imeneyi DNA anapanga ku zinthu monga chromatin ndi kale anayamba kufunafuna wina kuchuluka, i.e., ploidy.

Monga taonera, maselo a munthu ali awiriawiri makumi awiri ndi zitatu za zinthu zofunika structural ndi zinchito. Mu zamoyo eni ploidy payekha.

Haploid ndi diploid chiwerengero DNA. Lingaliro la ploidy anatsimikiza chiwerengero kukukhala khromozomu maselo (makamaka) mu mtima. Mu zamoyo, ndi DNA akhoza wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired. maselo a anthu anapanga diploid khromozomu akonzedwa, ndi esti awiri. Chotero ya structural ndi zinchito zinthu ankaikira onse maselo somatic. Dziwani kuti munthu aliyense diploid khromozomu akonzedwa tichipeza 44 autosomes ndi 2 kugonana DNA. Haploid ya DNA ndi akonzedwa umodzi wa unpaired zinthu structural ndi zinchito maselo nyongolosi. akonzedwa lili autosomes makumi awiri ndi chimodzi chokha kugonana khromozomu. Haploid amangokhala ndi diploid ya DNA akhoza kupezeka mu limodzi, ndi nthawi yomweyo. Izi zimachitika makamaka pa ndondomeko kugonana. Pa nthawi imeneyi, haploid ndi mbali diploid ina. Kudzera kugawa lonse ndipamene umodzi. Kenako, awiri limodzi agwirizane kupanga lonse la structural ndi zinthu zinchito etc.

Diploid khromozomu akonzedwa ndi ya DNA, imene ndi chibadidwe maselo thupi. Iwo DNA onse amene khalidwe la mitundu inayake, amene timapemphera awiriawiri. Munthu aliyense ali ndi diploid khromozomu akonzedwa amatha munali autosomes makumi anayi ndi awiri kugonana structural ndi zinchito amafotokozera. The diploid chiwerengero DNA khalidwe la zygote ndi maselo onse somatic kupatula anzuploidnyh, haploid ndi polyploid maselo.

Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti pali siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo anapereka mayunitsi structural ndi zinchito. Kulephera zingakhudze mapangidwe matenda chromosomal (mwachitsanzo, Down a Syndrome - Education triosomii, mwachitsanzo kuphwanya awiri twente-loyamba ndi zikamera wa munthu asakhale ndi vutoli owonjezera (chachitatu)). Phunziro DNA n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa zinthu izi ndi zimakhudza kwambiri pa thupi la munthu.