Kinematics mfundo zakuthupi: mfundo zikuluzikulu, zinthu

Nkhani Nkhani lero athu adzakhala kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi. ndi zonse za chani? Kodi mfundo kuwonekera izo, ndi zimene tanthauzo ayenera mawu? Awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri lero ndipo tidzayesetsa kuyankha.

KUFOTOKOZERA zosiyana

Kinematics zinthu mfundo ndi wina kuposa sayansi kagawo yakuti "Zimango". Iye, nayenso amaphunzira mfundo za kayendedwe ka matupi osiyanasiyana. Kinematics mfundo chuma amadziwikanso nawo ntchito imeneyi, koma osati imachita mawu ambiri. Ndipotu, boma gawo ikufotokoza njira ofotokoza za zoyenda matupi. Mu phunziro limeneli ali oyenera yekha otchedwa thupi idealized. Zikuphatikizapo: mfundo chuma, thupi okhwima ndi mafuta abwino. Taganizirani mfundo mwatsatanetsatane. Ife tonse tikudziwa kusukulu kuti mfundo chuma amatchedwa thupi, kukula kwa omwe pa nkhani iliyonse mukhoza kunyalanyaza. Mwa njira, kinematics wa translational zoyenda mfundo chuma imayamba kuoneka kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mabuku chiwiri kalasi pa sayansi. Izi ndi nthambi losavuta kotero kuyamba kuzolowerana ndi sayansi, ndi thandizo ake ndi yabwino kwambiri. A nkhani osiyana ndi, kodi zinthu za kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi. Iwo ali ndithu kwambiri, ndipo iwo akhoza salembedwa ogaŵikana milingo angapo movutikira osiyana kumvetsa. Ngati ife kulankhula, mwachitsanzo, utali wozungulira vekitala, ndiye, mfundo, mu tanthauzo lake ndi kanthu prohibitively zovuta. Komabe, amavomereza kuti savutika kumvetsa ndi kwa wophunzira kuposa wophunzira pafupifupi kapena sekondale. Ndipo moona kulankhula, palibe kufotokoza mbali akuti ophunzira sekondale.

A mwachidule mbiri ya kinematics

Zaka zambiri zapitazo, Aristotle kwambiri zoyenera gawo la mikango nthawi yake ufulu kuphunzira ndi kufotokoza sayansi monga sayansi osiyana. Makamaka anagwira kinematics, kuyesera kuti aipereke kwa mfundo zazikulu ndi mfundo, njira imodzi kapena wina ntchito ankafuna kuthetsa ntchito zopindulitsa ndiponso ngakhale wamba. Aristotle anapereka lingaliro koyamba kodi zinthu za kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi. ntchito yake ndi mabuku zili zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu onse. Komabe, mfundo zake, zinandipangitsa ambiri ndithu zolakwika, ndipo nkhaniyo ndi chakuti panali zolakwika zina ndi zolakwa. Ntchito ya Aristotle mu nthawi yake anakhala chidwi asayansi ena - Galileo Galilei. Chimodzi mwa mfundozo lofunika atapereka ndi Aristotle, kuwerenga kuti thupi kayendedwe kumachitika kokha ngati iwo anachita pa mphamvu, anatsimikiza mtima mphamvu ndi malangizo. Galileo anasonyeza kuti ndi kulakwitsa. Force zidzakhudza kolowera liwiro, koma kenanso. Chitaliyana anasonyeza kuti mphamvu chifukwa cha mathamangitsidwe, ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi matanthauzo yekha ndi izo. Galileo Galiley komanso tcheru ndithu kuphunzira za ndondomeko ya ufulu kugwa, kubweretsa malamulo zogwirizana. Mwina aliyense amakumbukira za zatsopano wake wotchuka, amene anakhala pa Nsanja ya Pisa. Mu ntchito zake, ndizosowa njira kinematic ntchito ndi wasayansi Ampere.

mfundo koyamba

Monga tanenera kale, kinematics njira akuyendayenda kufotokoza lamulo la zinthu idealized. Zochita maziko angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanthula masamu, ajebura wamba ndi masamu. Koma kodi mfundo (lingaliro ili, ndipo palibe tanthauzo ndi mfundo parametric) ndi pa mtima wa kagawo ili la sayansi? Choyamba, aliyense ayenera bwinobwino kuti kinematics wa translational zoyenda nkhani mfundo zoyenda kuganizira osaphatikiza mphamvu ntchito. Kutanthauza kuti kuthetsa mavuto zogwirizana, sitifunanso ya mitunduyi chikugwirizana ndi mphamvu. Izo si kinematics, ziribe kanthu momwe ambiri a iwo alipo - chimodzi, ziwiri, zitatu, ngakhale masauzande. Komabe, kuli mathamangitsidwe zimatipatsa. Zingapo za chuma mfundo kayendedwe kinematics mavuto n'kukulemberani kudziwa phindu mathamangitsidwe. Komabe, zimayambitsa zodabwitsazi (ie, asilikali ndi chikhalidwe chawo) sali zatchulidwa, ndipo zasiyidwa.

Gawo

Tidapeza kuti kinematics ikufotokoza ndi likukhudza njira kufotokoza lamulo la matupi mosatengera mphamvu wochititsa pa iwo. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ntchito imeneyi yakhala ikuchita kwa ena kum'mwera zimango, wotchedwa mphamvu. Kale ntchito malamulo Newton, moti kuchita kufotokoza magawo mokwanira ndi ochepa deta kudziwika koyamba. mfundo yaikulu ya kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi - ndi malo ndi nthawi. Ndipo mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ambiri ndi m'munda, panali funso za moyenera chotero kuphatikiza.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, panali kinematics zachikhalidwe. Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi achilendo osati pamaso pa mipata onse kanthawi ndi okhudza malo, koma osadalira pa kusankha chimango makamaka Buku. Mwa njira, ife kulankhula za mtsogolo. Tsopano, monga kufotokoza nkhani yake. Okhudza malo imeneyi Pankhaniyi tikambirana monga gawo, nthawi - imeneyi. Zikuoneka kuti chirichonse bwino. Tsopano, mipata izi Tidzakambirana kinematics pa zachikhalidwe mtheradi zosasintha, mwa kulankhula kwina popanda kusintha kwa chimango wina ndi mzake. Kaya ntchito kinematics relativistic. Iwo mosinthanasinthana pamene kusintha pakati pa mafelemu Buku zingasiyane. N'chinthu chanzeru ngakhale kuti iwo sangakhoze, ndipo ayenera, mwina. Chifukwa cha simultaneity uwu wa zochitika ziwiri mwachisawawa komanso amakhala wachibale umamumvera mwapadera. Choncho mu kinematics relativistic mfundo ziwiri - malo ndi nthawi - amaphatikizidwa mu chimodzi.

Kinematics zinthu mfundo: liwiro, mathamangitsidwe, ndi makhalidwe ena

Kuti osachepera pang'ono kumvetsa sayansi ya m'gawo lino, muyenera kuyenda mfundo zofunika kwambiri, mukudziwa matanthauzo ndi kuwayimilira chimene chimapanga mawu ambiri, wina kapena mtengo ena. Palibe zovuta za izo kwenikweni, ndi zophweka kwambiri ndi yosavuta. Taonani, mwinamwake, kuyamba ndi mfundo yakuti ntchito mu mavuto kinematics.

zoyenda

Mawotchi kayendedwe, tingayerekezere ndi ndondomeko imene wina idealized chinthu atasintha ake m'malere. Pankhaniyi, tikhoza kunena kuti kusinthaku ndi poyerekezera ndi matupi ena. M'pofunika kuganizira mfundo yakuti pa nthawi chomwecho chimachitika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi imeneyi yeniyeni pakati pa zochitika ziwiri. Mwachitsanzo, kudzakhala kotheka kuti kuonetsetsa imeneyi zina anawapanga nthawi zinapita pakati pa thupi anabwera pa udindo wina ndi mzake. Onaninso kuti thupi ndipo motero akhoza kupereka ndi mzake, monga mwa malamulo onse a zimango. Izi ndizimene zambiri ukugwira kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi. Kachitidwe Buku - mfundo zotsatirazi, amene inextricably zogwirizana ndi izo.

ndondomeko

Iwo angatchedwe deta wamba amatithandiza kudziwa udindo wa thupi pa mfundo iliyonse mu nthawi. Malo ali inextricably zogwirizana ndi mfundo dongosolo Buku ndi ntchito gululi. Nthawi zambiri ndi osakaniza makalata ndi manambala.

utali wozungulira vekitala

Ku dzina zikhale bwino kuti. Komabe, tiyeni tikambirane zambiri za izo. Ngati mfundo amasuntha mwa njira, ndipo ife tikudziwa chiyambi cha chimango makamaka Buku, n'zotheka kusunga malo vekitala pa nthawi iliyonse. Iye adzakhala kujowina udindo woyambirira wa mfundo ndi yomweyo kapena amalire.

njira

Adzatchedwa mzere mosalekeza chosungikira chifukwa cha zoyenda Nyerere yaing'ono mu chimango opatsidwa pakuyenerera.

Liwiro (onse liniya ndi okhota)

Khalidwe limeneli, lomwe akhoza kundiuza mmene kudya thupi lidzapita ndi nyengo ya mtunda.

Mofulumira (ndi okhota ndi liniya)

Izi zikusonyeza chilamulo chimene ndi mmene intensively amasintha liwiro kolowera thupi.

Mwina, apa iwo ali - zinthu zazikulu za kinematics wa mfundo zakuthupi. Tikumbukenso kuti onse mathamangidwe ndi mathamangitsidwe ndi zedi vekitala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo osati ndi zotsatira chionetsero, komanso njira ina. Mwa njira, iwo akhoza kupita mbali imodzi ndi ku pandunji. Mbali yoyamba, thupi adzakhala inapita lachiwiri - m'mbuyo.

Ntchito losavuta

Kinematics mfundo chuma (liwiro, mathamangitsidwe ndi mtunda umene uli pafupi malingaliro lofunika) alibe ngakhale chakuti nambala yaikulu mavuto, ndipo ambiri a iwo m'magulu osiyana. Tiyeni yesetsani kuthetsa ntchito yosavuta zokwanira kudziwa mtunda anayenda ndi thupi.

Tiyerekeze kuti zinthu zimene tili pa dzanja, motere. Woyendetsa galimoto waima pa mzere poyambira. The woyendetsa amapereka zithunzi chizindikiro mbendera ndi galimoto amachotsa kwambiri. Foniyo ndi mbiri latsopano okwera mpikisano adzatha, ngati mtunda wofanana mamita zana, poyamba anali mtsogoleri masekondi 7,8. Mofulumira galimoto anatengedwa wofanana mamita 3, anagawa ndi wachiwiri lalikulu.

Choncho, mmene angathetsere vuto ofanana? N'zochititsa chidwi ndithu, monga ife tiyenera kuti "kupukuta" tanthawuzo la magawo ena. Iye ayerera ndi akutembenukira vuto linalake kuti diversifies njira ndondomeko ndi zolozera kufufuza. Koma kodi ife ayenera kutsatira kale, momwe angafikire ntchitoyo?

1. Kinematics mfundo chuma zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito pa nkhani ya mathamangitsidwe.

2. amaganiza kusankha ntchito mtunda chilinganizo, chifukwa zikuoneka mu zinthu n'zosangalatsa kumva phindu.

Ife vutolo konse zosavuta. Kuti izi chilinganizo mtunda: S = VoT + (-) AT ^ 2/2. Kodi tanthauzo? Tiyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndidzadutsa pa masewerawa anasankha mtunda, kenako yerekezerani index ndi mbiri kuti iye akanati nampanda kapena ayi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tiyenera kupatula nthawi yoti iye kuti chilinganizo: AT ^ 2 + 2VoT - 2S. Ichi ndi wina kuposa aone kuti pali quadratic. Koma galimoto amachotsa, izo zimatanthauza kuti mathamangidwe koyamba ndi wofanana 0. Pamene discriminant aone kuti pali chisankho adzakhala wofanana 2400 ayenera kuchotsedwa muzu wa nthawi kufufuza. Pangani kumalo chachiwiri decimal: 48,98. Ife tikupeza muzu wa aone kuti pali kuti: 48.98 / 6 = 8.16 masekondi. Iwo likukhalira kuti dalaivala sangathe kumenya mbiri alipo.