Kodi chidzachitike n'chiyani pamene mafuta limayenda? Zingati mafuta okwanira? makampani mafuta

Pamene iyo nkutha mafuta? Zaka zapitazo, dziko kale anachenjeza kuti amaika lidzatha. Today zambiri mafuta kuposa n'kofunika. Kodi wakudya kukula kwa golide wakuda?

Carter a televised adiresi

Madzulo, April 18, 1977, Pulezidenti US Dzhimmi Karter anapempha atolankhani wailesi ya kanema ya chowulungika Office ya White House ndi tsoka analengeza kwa anthu American kuti tsopano akufuna kulankhula nkhani zosasangalatsa vuto kuposa mbiri United States. Iye analankhula za wamkulu pambuyo nkhondo chitetezo cha dziko chilichonse.

Zidzachuluka vuto, zomwe zinkakambidwa zinali mphamvu. Kapena m'malo kusaona. Malinga ndi Pulezidenti 39 wa United States, mavuto mafuta wachititsa kufunika kukwaniritsa kufunika kwa mphamvu chifukwa cha kutha mofulumira chuma. Zatha nkhokwe hydrocarbon mlandu 75% ya magwero dziko la mphamvu. Pulezidenti ngakhale kutchedwa nthawi pamene mafuta limayenda - izo zinali kuchitika mu zaka 6-7.

Kulankhula Carter anali moni opanda chidwi. Achimereka Sanayamikire uthenga apocalyptic, ndipo ngakhale zochepa - masomphenya ake kuchoka ku zinthu izi ndi didactic chofunika thandizo gulu abwino. Koma nkomwe aliyense ankakayikira mfundo kuperekedwa.

Ndipo komabe, pulezidenti US analakwitsa. Data pa m'matangadza mafuta ndiponso gasi anasonyeza kuti cholakwika. Mphamvu osati sanali pa mapeto, iwo anali, ngati si wopandamalire, osakhoza yaikulu. Palibe akudziwa izo pamenepo, koma ambiri lerolino amadziŵa zimenezi.

Zingati mafuta okwanira?

Kuwonjezera madipoziti hydrocarbon waukulu North America, Russia, Saudi Arabia ndi Middle East kubala maiko ena, pali umboni untapped madipoziti mu South America, Africa ndi Arctic: osati migolo mabiliyoni ambiri ndipo lipange. Choncho, ndikudabwa chimene chidzachitika pamene mafuta limayenda mpaka m'mawa. M'malo mwake, malinga ndi lipoti lochokera ku University Harvard, dziko zosamukira chimasanduka kuchuluka.

75 tsamba kuphunzira akatswiri woyang'anira kale pamwamba Leonardo Modzheri Eni, amene kusanthula chitukuko ndi yokumba minda mafuta padziko lonse, limaneneratu kuwonjezeka ndi 20 peresenti pa ulimi padziko lonse mu 2020.

Kwenikweni, chikusonyeza lipoti:

• kwambiri madipoziti ku Brazil Santos beseni, chimene amakhulupirira kuti muli osachepera 150 biliyoni migolo ya mafuta ;
• Venezuela madipoziti "owonjezera lolemera" mafuta Orinoco phula mchenga, pafupifupi thililiyoni 1.2 migolo;
• Canada ndi mafuta mchenga;
• Kwanza beseni ku Angola,
• komanso miyala ya ku Bakken ndi atatu mafoloko ku North Dakota ndi Montana mu United States, limene, mogwirizana ndi Modzheri angakhale ofanana ndi Persian Gulf.

Ndipo chifukwa Boom izi? Luso la zopangapanga kuti amasintha njira za kupeza ndi kubereka mafuta.

"Masiku ano, makampani ndi kuona zimene anali kale, ndi kupeza chinachake kuti poyamba sanathe kupeza - anati Gerald Shotman, kampani wamkulu luso msilikali wa Nkhono, zochokera ku The Hague. - Koma ife amathanso zambiri kutuluka nkhokwe anthu, njira zambiri mogwira mmene tiyenera kuchitira nawo ".

mafuta shale

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi njira yopanga mafuta amene wapweteka uthenga zaposachedwapa, kaya zabwino ndi njira zoipa, ndi luso fracturing hayidiroliki, kapena freking. Kwenikweni, njira ya kumasuka chimasanduka akachita dongosolo shale, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoposera madzi mpope, pressurized matani 14 / sq. m. hayidiroliki fracturing anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku Kansas mu makumi anai a atumwi wotsiriza, koma zaposachedwapa kuyamika patsogolo zambiri mu mtengo wa mafuta wagwa mwa ndondomeko zimenezi kuti luso wakhala chuma yotheka. Mchere, musanayambe zochitikazi unrecoverable, tsopano tingakwanitse.

Paliponse ali zikayenda awa sali akubera mwakhama kwambiri kuposa US. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, chiwerengero cha migolo opangidwa kuchokera Bakken mapangidwe, shale, amene ali malo pafupifupi 518 sq. M. Km motsatizana ku Montana kwa North Dakota chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 100 - kuchokera 6 zikwi 600 zikwi patsiku - .. ndi kupanga North Dakota achiwiri kukula mafuta sewerolo ku United States pambuyo Texas. Chiwerengero cha mudzi waukulu Williston boma katatu pa zaka zapitazi 10. Apa anathamangira truckers ndi antchito oilfield kuchokera ku dziko akudwala mavuto a. Mu North Dakota, kutsegula mabizinesi latsopano ndi madipatimenti latsopano zipatala, kenako zomangamanga, akubuula kulemera kwa kuchuluka anthu. magulu zachilengedwe kugwira vociferous ntchito yochotsa frekinga, ponena kuti luso amadetsa madzi mobisa, amachititsa chivomezi m'dera ndi kuwononga chilengedwe kwambiri zinyalala poizoni.

Amalimbikitsa frekinga kunena kuti mavuto amenewa womangika kwambiri. Ndipo iwo amatchula phindu yaikulu njira kunachitika. The Boom ku North Dakota ndi kusintha mofulumira kwa United States kuchokera importer khoka ndi mphamvu ukonde amagulitsa yafupika kudalira dziko la pa mphamvu ya Middle East. Makampani a mafuta makampani a China, Russia ndi Argentina, chidwi ndi zotsatira za United States okha ayamba kutengera njira imeneyi. The kampani Linc Energy analengeza zokwera migodi biliyoni 233 migolo ya mafuta shale thanthwe akumidzi m'dziko la Australia.

phula mchenga

Koma zoyenera kuchita pamene kuthamangitsidwa mafuta shale? Freking - ichi chimodzi chabe anatulukira zodabwitsa zambiri kuseri kwa Boom latsopano. Kuthandiza kubala luso zovuta mafuta wapeza njira ake kuchokera chisakanizo cha mchenga ndi dongo kudziwika monga phula kapena mafuta mwankhanza sandstone, ndi madipoziti waukulu akupezeka mu Canada.

Ngati shale, hydrocarbon kupanga kale uneconomical, koma njira yatsopano, monga nthunzi Kutentha mchenga, anapanga luso dzi. Canada panopa umabala migolo miliyoni 1,9 tsiku mafuta analandira mwa njira imeneyi, monga freking njira wachititsa zionetsero yaikulu. Albert Gor, womenya chilengedwe, anafotokoza phula mchenga monga "kasupe dirtiest wa mafuta madzi kuti akhoza kulingalira, ndipo akutchedwa zomanga yaikulu payipi latsopano m'minda mafuta a Alberta kuti ayenga« Texas Gulf "" wopenga. "

yopingasa pobowola

The Boom mafuta komanso chifukwa cholephera watsopano, njira yolondola pobowola. Kutulukira ndi njira yopingasa zikutanthauza kuti malo padziko ndi makilomita angapo kuchokera chandamale. Companies akhoza kubowola pansi, ndiyeno nkutembenuka malangizo kuti cholinga ankafuna. nsanja ili mu nyanja pa mtunda wa makilomita 500 kuchokera ku gombe, thanthwe mwina pochitika pansi kukafika 7 7 km kutali ndi kusiya ndendende malo ankafuna. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti N'zosatheka kuti kubowola dzenje youma. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2011 bwino pobowola wakhala wabwino 99% ya milandu.

Mavuto ultradeep zitsime

makampani mafuta mokhomerera kwambiri kuposa kale. Nsanja "Hawk" pachilumba cha Sakhalin pafupi kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Russia waika timva makampani ambiri, kuphatikizapo kukumba zitsime ndi Outbound kupatuka akuya 12 345 m, amene alumphe kukula kwa phiri la Everest.

Pa nthawi, Masamu yosavuta kumathandiza tikubooleza pa kuya kwambiri. Monga tanena Mandala Kuk, mkulu opaleshoni mkulu wa Nkhono ku China, komanso ayenera analimbitsa ndi zitsulo, kotero iwo anawonongedwa, koma njira yokhayo kuchepetsa zitsulo casing - kuzichita izo awiri aliyense chitoliro akutsatiridwa ndi zochepa pang'ono kuposa m'mbuyomu.

Izi ndi zimene zimasokoneza kuya. "Ngati tsopano kampani anafuna kubowola sate-kilometre chabwino, ndiye tiyeni tinene, woyamba casing ayenera kukhala woposa nyumba imene Ndimakhala," - anati Cook.

Patsogolo Komabe, ndi yosalephera patsogolo patsogolo, ndi zomwe zikuwoneka kuti kulemetsa lero, mawa kudzakhala zachikale. Kampani Nkhono zaka 10 zapitazi zachitika monobore luso zimene kuchepetsa casing mkati mzake, ndiyeno kuwonjezera kwa yofanana. Chiphunzitso, izi atsogolere kukumba zitsime zakuya, ngakhale akatswiri nawobe kuti muganize momwe mungapewere limatsogolera wa chitoliro pa kuya chonchi. Pa nthawi imene mafuta limayenda minda zilipo, ndi vuto ndithu kuthetsedwa.

Search for chimasanduka: ziwiya zivomerezi

Monga ku funso komwe icho ili madipoziti mafuta, kufufuza mayankho kumachitika nthawi zonse. Akatswiriwa, osachepera, mukudziwa kumene Sikuti kuyang'ana. Chimasanduka anapanga kuchokera ting'onoting'ono zomera linakwiriridwa, algae ndi mabakiteriya kuti kulibe mlingo wa alumali chokhala, koma konse kwa izo, kotero mafuta tikubooleza pakati pa nyanja zikanakhala zopanda phindu.

Pafupi pansi Komabe, T. N. zivomerezi zotengera 10 kukoka zingwe 20, aliyense wa 15 Km m'litali, danga lamayimbidwe akufufuza mpata pamaso pa mafuta ndi gasi madipoziti. "Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo, iwo ali waukulu zinthu zopangidwa padziko lapansi," - anati Robin Uoker, prezidenti wa malonda pa WesternGeco, lomwe mwini makhoti angapo amenewa. Ndipo iwo kwenikweni chachikulu. The lalikulu la iwo, Ramform chabwino, sikuli kwa WesternGeco, PGS ndi Norse ndipo ali pa bolodi matani 400 zida mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane pakompyuta anaika pa malo a minda mpira 830.

Aliyense chotengera zivomerezi kupanga nyemba lamayimbidwe mu madzi ndi wothinikizidwa mpweya ntchito mpweya mfuti. Mafunde phokoso kenako zimaonekera ku mbuna ndi kusonkhanitsa zivomerezi scythe okonzeka ndi maikolofoni m'madzi. Kuphunzira deta ichi, Akatswiriwa kupanga madipoziti ndi khadi akonzedwa, zomwe iwo anadzazidwa ndi - mafuta, gasi, kapena madzi basi.

Mu makumi asanu ndi awiri, ndi zotengera zivomerezi anatembenuka mabwato ophera nsomba, koma ali ndi luso ziwiri ooneka enieni. Lero iwo ali omangidwa makamaka ndalama $ 200 miliyoni ndipo amagwiritsa atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena Amagwiritsa omwe kwambiri bwino molondola. Njira imeneyi si osalephera. Nthawi zina zingwe chiyembekezo kukhumuditsidwa. "Izi padziko lonse lapansi mbale ya spaghetti - Walker limanena. - Zimatengera masabata angapo untangle iwo. Komabe, mlingo wa Kuvuta mpweya. "

ndalama danga

"Kodi chikuchitika pali ofanana m'madzi a pulogalamu danga, - anati Robert Bryus, Olemba American mtolankhani okhazikika nkhani mphamvu. - Ndipo ichi zonse zimachokera ku magwero payekha ".

Mlingo komwe kumachititsa pano, munthu anyalanyaza mutu. Okwana kampani zikugwira kufufuza ndi kupanga chaka chimodzi chokha ndalama zoposa $ 1 biliyoni. Mafuta kampani Nkhono Mwachitsanzo, kulipira mapaundi miliyoni 63 ufulu kufufuza malo a 13 zikwi sq. M. Km kuchokera kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Canada. Izo sizikanakhala zotheka popanda deta yaikulu pa pamaso pa chimasanduka, koma m'njira zambiri maganizo chidwi kwambiri mu cholengeza munkhani kulengeza zambiri anali awa: «Nkhono ananena kuti mpaka mtima, ali kuti madera atsopano a mafuta kapena gasi. " Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka Nkhono analipira, ngati Ndinadziwa motsimikiza?

dziwe Santos

Mpikisano pakati bongo, ntchito, chopeza ndi intermediaries Ndizovuta kwambiri. Aliyense amafuna kuti cholowa chawo, ndipo atsogoleri amagula yoyenera mwamsanga.

Mmodzi wa omenyera nkhondo yoopsya pa zaka ziwiri zapitazi ndi Brazil. Poyamba Santos beseni m'dera m'nyanja 320 Km kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Sao Paulo, kunali kosatheka kuti afufuze kukhalapo kwa mafuta chifukwa cha nkhungu wosanjikiza a mchere, chifukwa ndi bwino transmits kugwedera. Koma chitukuko cha seismology mwadzidzidzi anapanga m'dera cholinga a mabungwe mphamvu akutulutsa, ndipo mu 1999 mafuta kampani Petrobras zikupezekera munda munali anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 700 mbiya.

dziwe Kwanza

Kupambana Brazil chinachititsa Akatswiriwa kuyang'ana kuoloka nyanja ya Atlantic Angola chisanadze mchere mapangidwe. Podziwa kuti gombe la Brazil, zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo, adjoined kuti kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Africa, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti malo amenewa angathe kukhala kumeneko. Mu February 2012, mfundo zimenezi akhala kutsimikiziridwa mwa anapeza madipoziti mu Kwanza beseni ndani ukufika za 1.5 mbiya. Kuyambira pamenepo, makampani ambiri mafuta, kuphatikizapo BP ndi Total, wotetezedwa ufulu kufufuza mu Angola.

Wopambana obetcha sanali kuulula kukula kwa otchedwa mabonasi siginecha, koma ndi otetezeka amaganiza kuti zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Mu 2006, chimphona Chinese Sinopec wakhazikitsa mbiri dziko ndi kulipira malo nyanja ya madola mabiliyoni 1.1. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene apeza kuti anthu a Angola - mfundo moot. Mbiri ya kufufuza mafuta mu Africa si wosangalala kwambiri. Dziko ali wosauka 168th m'maiko 182 mu maganizo Corruption Index Transparency International.

Zingakhale zilizonse kukhulupirira kuti genie angathe kuika kumbuyo mu botolo. Akuti Robert Brays, dziko limayenda pa mafuta, nyengo. Palibe mankhwala ena akhoza saposa izo, pamene izo zifika ku mphamvu osalimba, kutakasuka, chomasuka processing ndi zofewa zoyendera. Ngati mafuta kulibe, akanayenera kuti mukupanga.