Kodi Chirasha? Mapangidwe chinenero Russian

Kodi ife, Chirasha, ganizirani mfundo ofunika kwambiri monga momwe mbiri ya zikamera wa chinenero cha Chirasha? Ndipotu, momwe zinsinsi zobisika kuti ambiri, angati chidwi zinthu mungapeze, ngati inu kukumba mozama. Kodi Chirasha? Ndipotu, chinenero chathu - ndi zoweta kuyitana osati kokha, ali ndi mbiri wolemera.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chinenero Russian: mwachidule za zazikulu

Kumene kunali chinenero kwathu? Pali maganizo ambiri. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira (Mwachitsanzo, zilankhulo Guseva) Chisansikiriti otsatira a abale a chinenero cha Chirasha. Komabe, ntchito Chisansikiriti Indian asayansi ndi ansembe. Izi zinali Latin anthu a ku Ulaya wakale - ". Chinachake mochenjera kwambiri ndi oseketsa" Koma monga kulankhula, anali ntchito ndi asayansi Indian, iye mwadzidzidzi mu mbali yathu? Kodi ndi Amwenye anayamba mapangidwe chinenero Russian?

Bakuman wa aphunzitsi zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyera

Masiteji m'mbiri ya chinenero cha Chirasha aliyense wasayansi amadziwa mosiyana: .. Ndi chiyambi, chitukuko, opatuka zolembalemba chinenero kwa anthu, chitukuko malembedwe ndi zopumira, etc. Onsewa siyana kuti (adakali sindikudziwa ndendende pamene chinenero zolembalemba anapatulidwa kwa anthu) kapena kutanthauzira. Koma, malinga ndi nthano chotsatira, "makolo" chinenero Russian tinganene kuti seveni aphunzitsi woyera.

Mu India, pali nthano kuti ngakhale kuphunzira ku mayunivesite Indian. Kale kwa ozizira a North (HimalayasI) anali aphunzitsi zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyera. Iwo anawapatsa anthu ndi maziko a Chisansikiriti Brahmanism, imene kenako Chibuda anabadwa. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti North anali mmodzi wa zigawo Russia, kotero Amwenye chi zambiri amapita kumeneko pa ulendo.

Bakuman lero

Iwo likukhalira kuti mawu ambiri a Chisansikiriti lifanane ndi mawu Russian - ichi ndi chiphunzitso chakuti ethnographer wotchuka Natalia Guseva, amene analemba oposa 150 ntchito sayansi pa mbiri ndi chipembedzo cha India. Ambiri a iwo, ndi njira, sanapezenso umboni asayansi ena.

Chiphunzitsochi si "mpweya" analandidwa. maonekedwe ake anatumikira monga choncho chidwi. Kamodzi Natalya limodzi ndi wasayansi kulemekezedwa ku India, amene wadzipereka kukonza motsogozedwa ulendo wa mitsinje kumpoto kwa Russia. Kulumikizana ndi anthu a m'midzi ya m'deralo, Hindu mwadzidzidzi anayamba kulira anakana wotanthauzira, kunena kuti iye anali osangalala kumva Chisansikiriti mbadwa. Ndiye Gusev ndipo anaganiza kuti adzipereke moyo wake kuphunzira chodabwitsa mwachinsinsi, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo kukhazikitsa kukhala ndi Chirasha.

Ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri! Malinga ndi nkhaniyi, kupitirira HimalayasI moyo akuda, kulankhula chilankhulo kotero ofanana ndi athu. Zongoganiza, ndi china chirichonse. Komabe, kungoganizira kuti mawu athu anapita ku Indian Chisansikiriti, ndi malo kukhala. Apa ndi - mbiri ya chinenero mwachidule Russian.

chiphunzitso Dragunkina

Koma wasayansi wina, amene anaganiza kuti mbiri ya zikamera wa chinenero cha Chirasha ndi zoona. A katswiri wodziwika Alexander Dragunkin ankanena kuti chinenero otchuka moona lachokera ku wosavuta imene zochepa mawu zomanga maonekedwe ndi mawu aafupi. Chisansikiriti amati wosalira zambiri kuposa Russian. A chinenero cha Chisansikiriti - si kanthu koma pang'ono kusinthidwa Ahindu Asilavo runes. Koma chiphunzitso chimenechi - chabe chilamulo cha dialectics, komwe ndi chiyambi cha chinenero?

Baibulo sayansi

Koma Baibulo kuti amakonda ndi kulandira ambiri asayansi. Iye ananena kuti 40 000 zapitazo (nthawi ya maonekedwe a munthu woyamba), anthu anali kufunika zakukhosi kwawo mu ndondomeko ya ntchito gulu. Choncho chinenero anaonekera. Koma m'masiku amenewo anthu anali ochepa kwambiri, ndipo anthu onse amalankhula chinenero chimodzi. Patapita zaka zambiri, panali kusamuka kwa anthu. DNA ya anthu asintha, mafuko olekanitsidwa mzake ndipo anayamba kulankhula m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Zilankhulo wosiyana ndi mnzake mu mawonekedwe a mawu mapangidwe. Gulu lililonse la anthu kukhala m'chinenero chawo, yothandiza ndi mawu atsopano, wamphamvu. Kenako panali kufunika kwa sayansi, imene adzachotsa chakuti anafotokoza zinthu zatsopano kapena zinthu zimene anthu anabwera.

Chifukwa cha kusanduka izi mu malingaliro a munthu aliyense otchedwa "masanjidwewo". Izi mawerengetsedwe mwatsatanetsatane nawo zilankhulo wotchuka George Gachev amene anaphunzira kwambiri kuposa 30 mawerengetsedwe - zithunzi chinenero cha dziko. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chake, dziko la Germany amagwira kwambiri kwawo, ndipo iyo inali njira lililonse Chijeremani. A Chirasha ndi maganizo lachokera ku malingaliro kapena fano la panjira, njira. masanjidwewo Izi mu chikumbumtima chathu.

Kubadwa ndi chitukuko cha Chirasha

About 3 zikwi zaka BC, anaima pakati pa ankalankhula Proto zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, lomwe ndi zaka chikwi anadzakhala chinenero Chisilavo. The VI-VII CC. N. e. iwo unagawidwa mu magulu angapo: kum'mawa, kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera. chinenero chathu zambiri zimachitika gulu kum'mawa.

Ndipo chiyambi cha njira ya chakale amatchedwa mapangidwe Kievan Lazaro (IX m'ma). Pa nthawi yomweyo, Kirill Ine Mefody anatulukira koyamba zilembo Asilavo.

chilankhulo Asilavo kutukuka kwambiri, ndi mlingo wa kutchuka lagwira ndi Greek ndi Latin. Zinali Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi (kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa Russian amakono) anakwanitsa likhale logwirizana Asilavo onse, pa izo kulemba ndi kufalitsa zikalata zofunika ndi zipilala mabuku. Mwachitsanzo, "Ikani."

normalization wa Literature

Pomwepo adadza nyengo feudalism, ndi kugonjetsa Chipolishi Chilituyaniya zinachititsa zaka XIII-XIV chakuti chinenero ali m'magulu atatu a m'zilembo: Russian, Chiyukireniya ndi Belarus, komanso ena m'zilembo wapakatikati.

Mu XVI atumwi Muscovy anaganiza matenda olembedwa Russian (ndiye amatchedwa "yosavuta mova" ndipo motengera Chibelarusi ndi Chiyukireniya) - kulowa predominance kumangidwa coordinative ziganizo ndi ntchito kawirikawiri 'inde' ndi mabungwe, "ndipo", "koma". Wapawiri adatayika, ndipo manauni kuchepa zikufanana kwambiri masiku ano. Ndipo maziko a chinenero mabuku anakhala mbali khalidwe la mawu Moscow. Mwachitsanzo, 'Akane, "consonant" g "kutsekedwa" ovo "ndi" Evo "woonekeratu mawu (yokha inu neri Al.). Yambani yosindikiza potsiriza anavomereza Russian chinenero mabuku.

nyengo Petrine

nyengo Petrine zinakhudza kwambiri ndi izo. Chifukwa nthawi imeneyi chinenero Russian anamasulidwa ku "m'ndende" wa mpingo, ndipo mu 1708, kusintha zilembo, kotero kuti amakhala pafupi ndi chitsanzo European.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII Lomonosov anaika malamulo atsopano a chinenero cha Chirasha, kaphatikizidwe zonse anabwera pamaso izo: amalankhula, wowerengeka ndakatulo ndi ngakhale chinenero mandative. Pambuyo lilime lake anatembenuzidwa Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. Iwo chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha ofanana mu chilankhulo Russian, momwe kupeza chuma chake.

Amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha zolankhula zathu anapanga Pushkin, amene anakana kukaniza onse pa kalembedwe ndi ophatikizana mawu Russian ndi zina European, kulenga wathunthu ndi zokongola chithunzi cha chinenero cha Chirasha. Iye amapereka mwa Lermontov ndi Gogol.

mumaganiza chitukuko

Kodi Chirasha m'tsogolo? Kuyambira m'katikati mwa XIX - m'ma XX, Chirasha ali mumaganiza angapo chitukuko:

1. Development wa malamulo zolembalemba.
2. Mgwirizano wa chinenero mabuku ndipo chimalankhulidwa.
3. zikomo Language kutambasuka kwa chinenero ndi slang.
4. Kukula kwa "Kuzindikira" polemba chinenero mabuku, mavuto aumunthu.

Chinachake kenako, sosholisimu wasintha derivation chinenero Russian, ndi m'zaka za zana makumi awiri TV yovomerezeka kulankhula.

Iwo likukhalira kuti wathu chinenero chamakono Russian, ndi malamulo ake onse lexical ndi kalembedwe lachokera ku kusanganikirana zosiyanasiyana m'zilembo East Asilavo, amene anagawidwa mu Russia ndi chinenero Church Chisilavo. Pambuyo metamorphosis zonse chakhala chimodzi mwa zilankhulo wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko.

A pang'ono za zolemba

Koma iye Tatishchev (Mlembi wa "History of Russia") anali wotsimikiza kuti Cyril ndi Methodius silinatulukiridwe kulemba. Iwo anakhalako kale asanabadwe. Asilavo ali wokhoza kulemba: iwo anali mitundu yambiri ya kulemba. Mwachitsanzo, mabala, zizindikiro rune kapena kalata. Ndipo abale, asayansi anatenga monga maziko kwambiri dontho kapu ndi chabe kusintha izo. Mwina otayika makalata dazeni kukhala kosavuta kumasulira Baibulo. Inde, Kirill Ine Mefody analenga zilembo Asilavo, koma kalata yake inali maziko. Ndi mu Russia ndi apo ndinali kulemba.

kumuopseza kunja

Mwatsoka, chinenero chathu kawiri poyera kuti zinthu zoopsa kunja. Ndiyeno funso linali tsogolo la dziko. Mwachitsanzo, mu XIX atumwi, onse "kirimu a anthu" analankhula yekha mu French, atavala ndi kalembedwe koyenera, ndipo ngakhale menyu inkakhala yekha wa French zakudya. Olemekezeka pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuiwala m'chinenero chawo, amene achoka womangidwa kwa anthu Russian, pogula nzeru zatsopano ndi mwambo.

Chifukwa cha kubwera kwa mawu French, Russia akadataya osati chinenero chawo komanso chikhalidwe. Mwamwayi, zinthu anapulumutsa namatetule wa za m'ma XIX: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. Ndi iwo, monga okonda dziko lawo woona, sanapereke kufa Chirasha. Iwo asonyeza bwanji ndi wokongola.

modernity

Lodabwitsa ndi asanamvetsetse mbiri ya chinenero cha Chirasha. Mwachidule si anaika. Kudzatenga zaka kuphunzira. Chirasha ndi mbiri ya anthu - chinachake zodabwitsa kwambiri. Ndipo kodi inu mumadzitcha nokha patriot, posadziwa mbadwa chinenero, nthano, ndakatulo ndi mabuku?

Mwatsoka, achinyamata chidwi mu mabuku, koma makamaka mabuku. Zotsatira zimawonedwa anthu achikulire. TV, Internet, usiku zibonga ndi odyera, magazini glossy ndipo amakhala - zonsezi, ife m'malo mwa "pepala la abwenzi." Anthu ambiri ngakhale anasiya kuti maganizo awo, kuika mwachizolowezi chikangoperekedwa ndi anthu komanso atolankhani cliches lapansi. Ngakhale kuti zapamwamba komanso kukhala maphunziro a kusukulu, anthu ochepa omwe mukuwerenga, ngakhale mu maonekedwe Mwachidule, amene "adya" kukongola zonse ndi zochokera kwa ntchito za olemba Russian.

Koma ngati mbiri olemera ndi chikhalidwe cha chinenero cha Chirasha! Mwachitsanzo, mabuku amatha kupereka mayankho ku mafunso ambiri kuposa maonekedwe chilichonse pa Intaneti. mabuku Russian akufotokoza mphamvu ya nzeru za anthu, ndipo chimapangitsa kumva chikondi cha dziko lathu, ndi kulimvetsa bwino. Munthu aliyense ayenera kudziwa kuti chinenero, chikhalidwe mbadwa ndi anthu wogwirizana, ndiwo amodzi. Ndipo iye amadziwa naganiza ano Russian nzika? chakuti muyenera kusiya dziko lawo posachedwapa?

Kuopsa chachikulu

Ndipo ndithudi, kuopseza waukulu mawu achilendo ndi chinenero chathu. Monga tanena vutoli anali okhudzidwa m'ma XVIII, koma, mwatsoka, anakhalabe sanathetsedwe mpaka pano ndipo pang'onopang'ono amapeza mbali ya ngozi dziko.

Osati kokha kuti anthu ali ndi chidwi kwambiri mawu osiyana slang, kutukwana, anatulukira mawu, chotero akadali ndi amagwiritsa ntchito sankakhala yachilendo, m'mawu ake, kuiwala kuti chinenero cha Chirasha pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa n'chimodzimodzi. mawu awa: "stylist", "bwana", "maubale", "udachitikira", "kulenga", "wosuta", "Blog", "Net" ndi ena ambiri. Ngati pokhapokha atadzera ku mitundu ina ya anthu, ndiye vuto akhoza kumenyana. Koma, mwatsoka, mawu achilendo zikukangalika ntchito ndi aphunzitsi, atolankhani, akatswiri ndiponso akuluakulu. anthu awa ndiwo mawu a anthu, ndipo zimenezi timathandiza kusiya. Ndipo izo zimachitika kuti mawu achilendo mwamphamvu kuthetsa chinenero cha Chirasha kuti wayamba kuoneka ngati ali primordial.

Chavuta?

Kodi inuyo kuzitcha izo? Umbuli? Fashion onse kunja? Kapena ntchito yochotsa Russia? Mwina zonse mwakamodzi. Ndipo vutoli ayenera kuthetsedwa posachedwapa, mwinamwake ndi mochedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "mdindo" m'malo mwa "woyang'anira", "malonda chakudya" m'malo mwa "ntchito nkhomaliro" ndi zina zotero. D. Pambuyo kutha kwa anthu ikuyamba ndi kutha kwa chinenero.

za otanthauzira

Tsopano inu mukudziwa za kukhala ndi Chirasha. Koma si onse. anatchulidwa mwapadera ayenera mbiri ya madikishonale chinenero Russian. Pakhala madikishonare amakono m'mipukutu yakale, ndipo pambuyo, ndi mabuku. Poyamba anali ochepa ndipo ankafuna kwa bwalo yopapatiza ya anthu.

The wamkulu Russian dictionary imatengedwa kukhala lalifupi adzafuna kwa Kormchaia Novgorod (1282). Iwo ndi mawu 174 kuchokera m'zilembo osiyana: Greek, Mpingo Chisilavo, Chiheberi ndi ngakhale m'Baibulo mayina.

Patatha zaka 400 otanthauzira anayamba kuoneka buku wokulirapo. Iwo akhala kulamula ndipo ngakhale zilembo. M'masiku amenewo otanthauzira anali makamaka maphunziro kapena Buku mu chirengedwe, kotero ife sanali wamba chabe.

Woyamba kusindikizidwa dictionary

Zikuoneka loyamba kusindikizidwa dictionary mu 1596. Zinali enaake wina kwa buku pa galamala wansembe Lavrentiya Zizaniya. Linali ndi mawu oposa chikwi, omwe zosankhidwa kuti afabeti. dictionary wakhala mwanzeru ndipo anafotokoza chiyambi cha zochuluka za Chisilavo Chakale ndi mawu yobwereka. Lofalitsidwa mu Chibelarusi, Russian ndi Ukraine zinenero.

Komanso chitukuko cha otanthauzira

XVIII anali atumwi a atulukira kwambiri. Sanathe alakwa ndi otanthauzira Monolingual. Asayansi Great (Tatischev Lomonosov) mosayembekezeka ankafunitsitsa chiyambi cha mawu ambiri. Ndinayamba kulemba Trediakovskii. Pomaliza, monga ochuluka a otanthauzira analengedwa, koma lalikulu linali "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" ndi alumikiza ake. Mu "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" kutanthauzira tinalandira mawu oposa 20 000. Bukuli maziko kwa normative dikishonale ya chinenero cha Chirasha, ndi Lomonosov, pamodzi ndi ofufuza ena anayamba chilengedwe chake.

The Dictionary kwambiri

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chinenero cha Chirasha akukumbukira ngati tsiku kwambiri kwa ife tonse - chilengedwe cha "ofotokozera Dictionary a Russian Language" V. I. Dalya (1866). Izi zinayi buku analandira ambiri a Mabaibulo ndi zogwirizana mu tsiku lathu. mawu 200,000 ndi 30,000 Zining'a ndi mayunitsi phraseological akhoza bwinobwino kuonedwa chuma chenicheni.

lero

Mwatsoka, dera lonse si chidwi ndi mbiri ya zikamera wa chinenero cha Chirasha. zinthu pakali pano angayerekezedwe ndi chitsanzo chimodzi, kuti kamodzi panali modabwitsa luso wasayansi Dmitri Mendeleev. Ndithudi, Mendeleev anali konse kukhala membala aulemu wa St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences (tsopano Russian Academy of Sciences). Panali manyazi yaikulu, ndipo akakhala akugwirabe: wasayansi osati kutenga sukulu ya! Koma Russian Ufumu dziko ake amphamvu: ankanena kuti kuyambira Russian Lomonosov Tatishchev ndipo ochepa, ndipo ndithu labwino Russian wasayansi - University.

Mbiri ili la chinenero chamakono Russian chimatichimwitsa ndikudabwa: bwanji ngati nthawi English (kapena) lidzaloŵa m'malo izi Russian wapadera? Taonani angati mawu athu ano slang lachilendo! Inde, kuphatikiza zinenero ndiponso ochezeka kuwombola - ndi zazikulu, koma ndi pang'ono kuti nkhani zodabwitsa timalankhula wasoŵa pa dziko. Kuteteza chinenero!