Zinenero adzadziwire - onse anapanga ndipo kodi

M'zaka za m'ma 20 - ndipo tsopano mu 21 la - m'dera ndi yothandiza wa akatswiri ochuluka kuika anthu - makhalidwe ake, khalidwe, khalidwe - pa malo a kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mu zilankhulo pali chimodzimodzi: ndife wachidwi m'chinenero, osati ngati chodabwitsa umboni, koma ngati chiwonetsero cha uthunthu wa umunthu, zomwe chitukuko. Mu sayansi, pali palibe mfundo wamba ndi matanthauzo a zimene "adzadziwire zinenero". Komabe, pamodzi ndi "chinenero chithunzi cha dziko" - mfundo ofanana - chodabwitsa amatenga asayansi paliponse kuphunzira chinenero - kuyambira phonetics ndi kutha kalembedwe. Mu chiphunzitso zowombetsa mkota kwambiri tikhoza kunena kuti chinenero umunthu - m'ndandanda wa khalidwe zinenero akuti anthu. Mapangidwe nkhani ya munthu amakhudza makamaka chinenero chake mbadwa.

Ndipo apa tiyenera kukumbukira iwo malingaliro zinenero (mwachitsanzo, Sapir-Whorf kungoganizira), malinga imene ndiyo chinenero maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, kwa anthu olankhula Chirasha ndi mfundo zovuta za nkhani yotsimikizika ndiponso kalekale, zomwe zazindikirika ndi okamba maziko a zinenero Germany (English, Chidanishi, German). Ndipo poyerekeza ndi Polish, mu Russian palibe "akazi corporeal gulu." Ndiko kumene kuli Polish amasiyanitsa (nkuti, ndi puronauni kapena anawagwiritsa), kaya ndi za gulu limene panali akazi basi, ana, kapena nyama, kapena china - gulu limene panali munthu mmodzi, kwa Russian palibe kusiyana ofunika. Kodi polojekitiyi? Zolakwa m'zinenero kuphunzira, ndiwo sichifukwa cha maphunziro osauka, ndi zina zinenero chikumbumtima, umunthu chinenero.

Ngakhale polankhula m'chilankhulo chawo, timalankhulana m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, mwa achinyamata, ndi aphunzitsi mu maonekedwe. Ndiko kuti, malingana ndi munda wa kulankhulana, tidzagwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe osiyana chizindikiro chathu - kodi ndife ndani zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kusankha chinenero, kamangidwe bwana, kalembedwe. mapangidwe ake zimakhudza osati m'chinenero chawo zimenezi komanso mwa maphunziro, ndi mlingo wa maphunziro ndi dera specialization. M'pofunikanso powasamalira chakuti chizindikiro zinenero dokotala, mwachitsanzo, adzakhala osiyana ndi chinenero cha mapulogalamu payekha kapena wantchito wa Agriculture. Madokotala amakonda ntchito terminology zachipatala, ngakhale kulankhula wamba, mayanjano awo ndi kufananitsa kudzakhala kosavuta kuti amange thupi la munthuyo. Koma mu akatswiri mawu zambiri anati mafanizo kugwirizana ndi njira ndi makina. Choncho, chinenero munthu dongosolo kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. chilengedwe chimene ife anakulira, kupanga maziko Komabe, komanso khalidwe ndi umunthu wathu makhalidwe, nyumba imeneyi ndi kutukuka zonse, ndipo zimakhudza moyo wathu ndi chilengedwe. Dziwani kuti monga kulowa m'banja lina - nenani, kukwatira - iye akuyamba kulankhula mosiyana, ntchito miyambi kapena "mawu" anavomera banja la mwamuna. Ngakhale zambiri chidwi ndi choncho, ngati chizindikiro zinenero akupitiriza kusintha mu malo chinenero. Choncho, ndife osamuka yosiyana zingapo zochititsa, sukhala chinenero imene kuyankhula tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a zilankhulo zinenero adzadziwire womasulira ali ndi malo apadera. Popeza kuti otembenuza si chotengera cha chikhalidwe makamaka, komanso nkhoswe - mkhalapakati - ndi chopatsilira wa chikhalidwe chimodzi kuti zochitika wina. Ntchito yake si kusamutsa zambiri, komanso, kawirikawiri, kumanganso mphamvu za mmene akumvera mumtima mwawo pa wowerenga, kufala kwa uthunthu chomwecho malingaliro ndi anzanu, ndilo chinenero choyambirira. Ndipo likukhalira kuti mwamtheradi "cholinga" simungathe kusamutsa Kuchita, monga mwa zonse - kuchokera ku malo amene sanamvetse kapena sanamvetsedwe, kutsiriza ndi kusankha phraseology ndi mafanizo - amakhudza zinenero adzadziwire yomasulira. Makamaka kwambiri kuti agona chitsanzo cha Mabaibulo a ndakatulo chomwecho mwa omasulira osiyana. Ngakhale mkati mwa nthawi yomweyo (Mwachitsanzo, Mabaibulo a Petrarch amene anachita alakatuli ya Silver Age) kalembedwe, dongosolo kulingalira, ndipo pamapeto pake, mmene yaikulu ya ndakatulo chomwecho m'Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana adzakhala osiyana ndi m'mbuyomu.